不同小麦品种籽粒灌浆、脱水特性及其与产量和品质的关系

Analysis on the characteristics of grain filling and dehydration rate and their relationship with yield and grain quality of different wheat varieties

【目的】鉴选具有灌浆脱水快、丰产性好且籽粒品质优的小麦品种,避免迟播条件下小麦遭遇高温逼熟的危害。【方法】以全国5个生态区的11份小麦品种为材料,分析其灌浆脱水特性、籽粒产量和品质表现。【结果】最大灌浆速率和灌浆持续时间均与生理成熟期籽粒质量呈显著正相关关系,并能最终反应收获期籽粒产量。所有参试品种中济麦22产量最高,达6 195 kg·hm^(-2),其次云麦53为5 898 kg·hm^(-2);郑麦7698和绵麦367产量分别居第3和第4。济麦22灌浆脱水快,且灌浆高峰持续时间长,其籽粒品质符合长江中下游地区中、弱筋型小麦的选育需求,绵麦367的籽粒品质达优质弱筋标准。研究还发现,籽粒脱水阶段表现出籽粒质量不稳,其原因可能是存在小麦籽粒回浆所致。【结论】协调最大灌浆速率和灌浆持续时间有利于提高籽粒产量和脱水速率;生产上可通过调优栽培措施改善和提高中筋、弱筋型小麦品种籽粒品质,并结合籽粒品质检测和鉴选提高品质育种准确性。

【Objective】Screening wheat varieties not only with speed grain-filling and dehydration,but also with good yielding potential and favorable grain quality is beneficial to avoid “heat-forced maturity” under late sowing conditions.【Method】11 varieties from 5 ecological wheat regions were examined the corresponding traits.【Result】The results revealed that both maximum grain-filling rate and filling duration were significantly positively correlated with grain weight at physiological maturity stage,which could ultimately predominate grain yield in the harvest stage.For instance,among the 11 tested varieties,Jimai 22 had the largest amount of grain yield with 6 195 kg·hm^(-2),followed by Yunmai 53 with an output of 5 898 kg·hm^(-2);while Zhengmai 7698 and Mianmai 367 ranked the third and fourth,respectively.Furthermore,Jimai 22 had a characteristic of speed grain filling,long time of maximum grain-filling duration and high speed of dehydration rate,which could meet with the demand of the medium-gluten and the weak-gluten wheat in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.Mianmai 367 reaches the standard of the high-quality weak-gluten.In addition,grain weight instability happened during the dehydration stage indicating the possible existence of grain re-stocking.【Conclusion】The present study here implied that grain yield could be improved in case the maximum grain-filling rate and duration were coordinatedas well as the dehydration rate,so that yield potential and stability could be achieved.With regard to grain quality,breeding accuracy can be improved through optimized cultivation practice to improve and secure grain quality of medium-and weak-strength wheat combined with grain quality test and screening.