人民调解嵌入人民法庭的改革实践与优化路径——以西南D市人民法庭的诉前调解改革为例

Practice and Optimization of People’s Mediation Embedded in People’s Courts:Based on the Reform of Pre-litigation Mediation in the People’s Court of D City in Southwest China

诉前调解是最高人民法院在全国推行的重要改革,其引导人民调解入驻法庭,在一般层面上具有分离调解与审判的功能,而在与人民法庭的结合中,却呈现特殊的社会功能。西南D市人民法庭的改革实践显示,诉前调解改革是诉讼压力、悖论实际及政策倡导的产物。人民法庭的发展一方面需要“职业化”并脱嵌乡村社会,另一方面又需要“乡土化”及嵌入乡村社会,形成组织学悖论。以嵌入性理论观察,人民调解入驻人民法庭,并非简单的法院附设调解,而是较为独立的社会组织嵌入到国家法庭的过程。这一嵌入过程能够实现人民法庭嵌入乡村社会同样的功能,并破解人民法庭发展的组织学悖论,推动人民法庭迈向更为职业化的未来。通过人民调解与人民法庭的内部嵌合及二者对乡村社会的外部反嵌,可优化诉前调解的运行,保持人民法庭在“职业化”与“乡土化”之间的平衡。

Pre-litigation mediation is an important reform introduced by the Supreme People’s Court nationwide,which guides people’s mediation into the courtroom and has the function of separating mediation from trial at a general level,but has a special function and a different kind of new life in combination with the people’s court.The reform practice of the grassroots court in the south-western city of D shows that the reform of the people’s court pre-litigation mediation is a product of external pressure,paradoxical reality and policy advocacy.On the one hand,the development of people’s courts needs to be“professionalized”and disembedded in rural society,and on the other hand,they need to be“localized”and embedded in rural society,forming an organizational paradox.In terms of embedding theory,the presence of people's mediation in the people's courts is not simply a mediation attached to the courts,but a process of embedding a more independent social organization into the(state)courts.This process of embedding enables the People’s Court to fulfill the same function of embedding itself in rural society,and resolves the organizational paradox of the People's Court’s development,pushing the People’s Court towards a more professional future.Through the internal embedding of people's mediation and people’s courts and their external counterembedding in rural society,the operation of pre-litigation mediation can be optimized and the balance between the“professionalization”and“rurality”of people’s courts can be maintained.