日本应急物流体系建设及对我国的启示

Research on Emergency Logistics System Construction in Japan and Enlightenments for China

应急物流体系作为应急管理的重要组成部分,在抢险救灾、维护社会稳定方面发挥着重要作用。在长期与自然灾害抗争过程中,日本积累了丰富的管理经验,并建成了较完善的应急物流体系。东日本大地震后,日本政府吸取救灾活动中的经验教训,进一步对应急物流体系进行了多项改革,积极推进政企合作,共同建设强韧灾害物流系统。通过鼓励各地方自治体与物流企业签订各类合作协定,将大量民间物流资源整合到应急物流体系中,有效缓解了以往应急物流活动中设施设备和专业能力不足的问题。同时,构建了包括政府机构、物流企业、专家学者等多元主体的应急物流协同治理机制,通过完善组织机构建设、制定协同作业规范和标准等一系列制度保障措施,有效提升了应急物流体系的协同治理能力。针对东日本大地震中物资供应方面出现的问题,日本提出了推式供应和拉式供应相结合的应急物资供应模式,专门开发了以应急物流为对象的物资调拨、输送调整支援系统,促进应急物流相关主体间的信息共享。我国应借鉴日本应急物流的理论研究成果和实践应用经验,着力解决当前应急物流体系建设不完善、协同治理机制缺失、信息共享水平低、制度保障机制不健全等瓶颈问题。

Emergency logistics is one of the important contents of emergency management,it plays an important role in disaster relief and maintaining social stability.In the long-term natural disaster response process,Japan has gradually accumulated rich management experience and formed a relatively perfect emergency logistics system.After East Japan Earthquake,the Japanese government has learned lessons from its response to the disaster,introduced a number of reform measures to the existing emergency logistics system,and actively promoted the government-enterprise cooperation for building a resilient disaster logistics system.Japan effectively alleviates the problem of the insufficient facility and equipment and professional ability in emergency logistics activities by encouraging local municipalities and logistic enterprises to sign agreement,which will in turn integrate private logistic resources into emergency logistics system.At the same time,Japan constructs the emergency logistics co-governance mechanism including diversified main bodies,such as governments and departments,logistic enterprises,and specialists and scholars,and effectively improves the capacity for coordinated governance of the emergency logistics system by such institutional guaranteeing measures as perfecting organization and departments and formulating norms or standard of coordinated operation.In respond to problem in East Japan Earthquake,Japan promotes the emergency material supply pattern combining"push"supply and"pull"supply,develops the supporting system of material allocation,delivery adjustment taking emergency logistics as the object to promote information sharing among related main bodies of emergency logistics.China should learn from the theoretical research fruits and practical experiences of Japan's emergency logistics,and focus on the bottleneck problems,such as the not perfect emergency logistics system construction,the lack of coordinated governance mechanism,the low level of information sharing,and the not perfect institutional guaranteeing mechanism.