基于环境监测的三星堆遗址祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护

Preventive conservation of the sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui site based on environmental monitoring

目前考古现场保护主要以应急保护技术与临时加固材料的研究和应用为主,而关于考古现场预防性保护少有报道。本次三星堆遗址祭祀坑发掘保护构建了由考古舱、考古舱环境调控系统、空气质量监测系统、土遗址监测系统、区域气象站、预防性保护措施、监测信息智能管理平台组成的预防性保护体系。发掘前,通过土遗址监测系统和区域气象站获取文物埋藏环境信息和区域气象信息,为考古舱内环境设置提供了依据。发掘过程中,采取舱内温湿度调控、保湿、空气杀菌净化、控制舱内人数与新风换气等预防性保护措施,达到控制考古舱温湿度、减少细菌和真菌总数、降低舱内CO_(2)浓度,减缓象牙等文物失水速度的目的,有效控制了出土文物开裂、酥粉、霉菌暴发等病害发生,为考古发掘与保护赢得了时间。三星堆祭祀坑考古现场预防性保护的创新探索与实践为以后重要遗址的现场保护指引了方向、提供了可借鉴经验。

At present,in terms of the conservation of archaeological sites,research is mainly focused on the application of emergency conservation measures and temporary consolidation materials,but there are relatively fewer reports on preventive conservation of archaeological sites.In the excavation and preservation project for the sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui site,a preservation system,consisting of archaeological excavation cabins,an environmental control system,an air-quality monitoring system,preventive conservation measures and an intelligent information-monitoring management platform,etc.,was established.Before the excavation,through the earthen site-monitoring system and regional meteorological station,information of cultural relic burial environment and regional meteorology was obtained,to provide reference for setting interior environment of the cabins.During the excavation,various preventive conservation measures,such as temperature and humidity control,air sterilization and purification,limitation of the number of people in a cabin and fresh air ventilation,were taken to control the temperature and humidity in the cabin,reduce the amount of bacteria and fungi,lower the concentration of CO_(2),and slow the dehydration process of relics(e.g.,ivory objects),which effectively controlled the cracking,crisp powdering and mildewing of unearthed cultural relics,hence providing sufficient time for on-site excavations.The innovative exploration and practice of preventive conservation of the sacrificial pit at Sanxingdui site could guide the direction and set an example for the on-site conservation of important archaeological sites in the future.