玉米产量对氮肥的响应因素研究

Study on the Response Factors of Maize Yield to Nitrogen Fertilizer

为明确不同生态条件下施氮对我国玉米产量的影响特征,通过中国知网、维普资讯、万方数据库进行文献检索,共获得78篇文献,构建了525个独立数据集,利用整合分析方法,以不施氮为对照,增产率为量度,定量分析不同氮肥运筹(施氮量,N;基追比,DR)、不同地域、不同气象因子(平均气温,T_(a);生长季平均气温,T_(g);年平均降雨量,P_(a);生长季平均降雨量,P_(g))、不同土壤有机质(soil organic matter,SOM)条件下施氮对玉米产量的影响。Meta分析结果表明,施氮可以显著提升玉米产量,增产率为17.64%。当以250<N≤300 kg·hm^(-2)且DR=1∶2的方式施氮对玉米增产效果最佳。不同试验区域中,西南地区施氮处理增产率最高(28.15%),东南地区增产率最低(7.86%)。不同气象因子条件下氮素对玉米的增产效率不同,当5<T_(a)≤10℃、400<P_(a)≤800 mm、T_(g)≤25℃、P_(g)>400 mm时施氮的增产效应最高。施氮效果与土壤有机质含量密切相关,在15<SOM≤25 g·kg^(-1)时,施氮对玉米的增产率最高,为18.36%。综上所述,生长季降雨量和土壤有机质含量较高、气温适宜的区域有利于发挥施氮的增产效应;因此,西南、西北地区为施氮的适宜区域;基追比为1∶2施入250~300 kg·hm^(-2)氮肥为较高效的施氮模式。

To clarify the effect of nitrogen application on maize yield under different ecological conditions in China,a literature search was conducted through CNKI,CQVIP,and Wanfang data base.At last total 78 papers were obtained and constructed 525 independent data.Used an integrated analysis method the effect of nitrogen application on maize yield were analyzed under different nitrogen fertilizer model(N application rale,N;dressing ratio,DR),geographical areas,climatic factors(average annual temperature,Ta;average growing season temperature,T_(g);average annual precipitation,Pa;average growing season precipitation,P_(g)),and soil organic matter,SOM.Metaanalysis results showed that application N significantly increased maize yield by 17.64%.Nitrogen application at 250~300 kg·hm^(-2) with a ratio of base fertilizer to top dressing 1∶2 gained the highest yield.Application of nitrogen could increase maize yield at different ecological regions,and the highest yield increase(28.15%)was observed in the southwest region,while the lowest yield increase(7.86%)was observed in the southeast region.Climatic factors effected the efficiency of nitrogen on maize yield also,the highest yield was gained in the condition of 5<T_(a)≤10℃,400<P_(a)≤800 mm,T_(g)≤25℃and P_(g)>400 mm.The effect of N application was closely related to soil organic,the highest yield increase was achieved with 15<SOM≤25 g·kg^(-1).On the whole,high rainfall and soil organic content and suitable temperature in regions were favorable for efficient of N application.The suitable and efficient nitrogen application mode was 250~300 kg·hm^(-2) with the dressing ratio 1∶2.