宇宙希声三籁之器——徐州白集汉墓出土的三幅汉画像弦乐器图研究

The Celestial Sounds of the Universe--A Study on the Three Han Dynasty Paintings of Stringed Instruments Unearthed from the Baiji Han Tomb in Xuzhou

白集汉画像石墓(文中均简称白集汉墓)位于徐州市贾汪区青山泉镇白集村,是徐州地区保存最为完好、也是国内迄今罕见的一座祠、墓形制东汉画像石墓。1965年南京博物院组织第一次清理发掘;1994年为配合汉墓陈列馆建设,徐州博物馆进行了第二次清理发掘,为第六批全国重点文物保护单位。白集汉墓共有画像石刻24块,其中有3块内容为古琴图像,分别位于前室东横梁、中室北壁西侧以及中室南壁上。这三幅画像所绘弦乐器是“琴”还是“筝”,一直存在争论,根据古籍记载结合当时的时代精神与墓主人的君子理想分析,这三幅汉画像上的弦乐器是“古琴”而不是“筝”。

The Baiji Han Tomb(referred to as Baiji Han Tomb in this article)located in the Baiji Village,Qingshan-quan Township,Jiawang District,Xuzhou City,is a well-preserved,rare East Han Dynasty tomb featuring ancestral halls and tomb frescoes.The Nanjing Museum organized the first excavation in 1965;during the construction of the Han Tomb Exhibition Hall in 1994,the Xuzhou Museum carried out the second excavation.The Baiji Han Tomb is a sixth-batch national key cultural relics protection unit.The tomb possesses 24 frescoed stone carvings,with three pieces depicting ancient stringed instruments,namely on the east lintel of the front chamber,the west side of the north wall in the middle chamber,and the south wall in the middle chamber.A debate exists regarding whether the stringed instruments in these three frescoes are"qin"or"zheng".By analyzing the spirit of the time,the noble aspira-tions of the tomb's owner,and the records in ancient books,it is concluded that the stringed instruments depicted in these three Han Dynasty frescoes are"qin"rather than"zheng".