明代科举程文易学思想的三次转向——以天一阁藏《会试录》为中心的考察

The Three Turns of Yi-ology of the Imperial Examination in Ming Dynasty:an Investigation Centered on The Provincial Examination Record Collected in Tianyi Pavilion

一般认为明代易学的发展态势与明代思想前期重视程朱理学、后期阳明心学异军突起的脉络相一致,然而这种粗线条的勾勒忽视了明代易学思想发展的丰富性及多样性。作为国家意志体现的明代科举程文,为我们深入观察明代易学思想发展样貌提供了特别的切入口。明代程文易学思想凡三变:明前期至天顺时期是为第一变,独尊《大全》;成化到正德时期是为第二变,抛弃《程氏易传》转用朱子《本义》;嘉靖以后是为第三变,《本义》沿用但选择多元,心学异军突起,气本论占有一席之地,卦气说亦有胜场,各种学说竞相角逐。到了万历初期,心学可谓影响甚大,大有超过理学之势。

It is generally believed that the developments of Yi-ology in Ming Dynasty is consistent with the development of Cheng Zhu Neo-confucianism in the early stage of Ming Dynasty and the emergence of Xinxue in the later stage.As the embodiment of the national will,the imperial examination process of Ming Dynasty provides a special entrance for us to deeply observe the development of the Ming Dynasty Yi-ology thought.The thought of Imperial examination Yi-ology in the Ming Dynasty witnessed three changes:the early Ming Dynasty to the Tianshun period is the first change,which only honors The Daquan;Chenghua to Zhengde period is the second change which abandoned Cheng’s Yi Zhuan and adopted Zhu Zi’s Benyi.After Jiajing,it was the third change which still used The Original Meaning but the choice was multiple.The theory of heart rose rapidly;the theory of Qi had a place;the theory of Gua-qi also had a victory,and various theories competed.In the early period of Wanli,the influence of the mind was very great,much more than the potential of neo-confucianism.