辽宁省农作物秸秆资源及其替代化肥潜力评估

Crop Straw Resources and Its Potential Evaluation on Replacing Chemical Fertilizers in Liaoning Province

分析评价辽宁省主要作物秸秆及其养分资源特征,为秸秆资源化利用、化肥减量和农业绿色可持续发展提供参考。基于《辽宁省统计年鉴》《中国有机肥料养分志》及相关文献数据,采用草谷比法估算辽宁省主要粮食作物、经济作物和其他作物秸秆及其养分资源量及其区间分布特征,明确作物秸秆的当季养分释放量和替代化肥潜力。结果表明:辽宁省农作物中秸秆产出主体为粮食作物(占秸秆总量的88.73%),其余为蔬菜(占秸秆总量6.47%)、经济作物(占秸秆总量4.8%);农作物秸秆资源主要来自玉米(占秸秆总量的71.83%)、水稻(占秸秆总量12.84%)、蔬菜(占秸秆总量6.47%)、花生(占秸秆总量4.69%)。在秸秆资源的区域分布上,辽宁省14个市秸秆资源量差异较大,沈阳(占秸秆总量16.19%)、铁岭(占秸秆总量15.35%)和朝阳(占秸秆总量12.05%)为秸秆总量前三的地区;玉米、水稻、花生、蔬菜秸秆产量最高的分别为铁岭(占秸秆总量18.84%)、盘锦(占秸秆总量24.57%)、葫芦岛(占秸秆总量26.76%)、沈阳(占秸秆总量19.64%);朝阳秸秆资源种类最丰富,其中甜菜和葵花籽秸秆产量最高。玉米和水稻秸秆是辽宁省秸秆资源的主体,全量还田当季可分别替代尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾肥为23.09万t、33.83万t、44.30万t和3.33万t、6.58万t、15.28万t。可见,辽宁省秸秆资源丰富,但不同地区秸秆及其养分资源差异较大,区域分布不均,玉米和水稻秸秆作为辽宁省秸秆资源的主体,替代化肥潜力大,玉米和水稻秸秆还田后当季释放出的氮磷钾养分可减少16.98亿元和4.23亿元的化肥投入,其中玉米秸秆还田后当季可释放的钾素养分相当于5.95亿元的化学钾肥,水稻秸秆可以提供相当于2.57亿元的化学钾肥;秸秆替代部分化肥,有利于降低生产成本,减少化学肥料残留、促进农业绿色可持续发展。

The purpose of this study was to analyze and evaluate the characteristics of main crop straw and its nutrient resources in Liaoning Province,and to provide reference for straw resource utilization,fertilizer reduction and green sustainable development of agriculture.Based on“Liaoning province statistical yearbook”“organic fertilizer nutrients volunteers in China”and other relevant literature data,the straw-grain ratio method was used to estimate straw resources,nutrient resources and their regional distribution characteristics of main grain crops,cash crops and other crops in Liaoning Province,so as to determine the nutrient release in the current season and the potential of replacing chemical fertilizers.The results showed that the main crop straw output in Liaoning Province was grain crops(accounting for 88.73% of the total straw resources),followed by vegetables(accounting for 6.47% of the total straw resources)and cash crops(accounting for 4.8% of the total straw resources).Crop straw resources mainly come from corn(accounting for 71.83% of the total straw resources),rice(accounting for 12.84% of the total straw resources),vegetables(accounting for 6.47% of the total straw resources),peanuts(accounting for 4.69% of the total straw resources).In the regional distribution of straw resources,the straw resources in 14 cities of Liaoning Province are quite different.Shenyang(accounting for 16.19% of the total straw resources),Tieling(accounting for 15.35% of the total straw resources)and Chaoyang(accounting for 12.05% of the total straw resources)are the top three regions of the total straw resources.The highest amount of resources of corn,rice,peanut and vegetable straw were Tieling(18.84% of the total straw resources),Panjin(24.57% of the total straw resources),Huludao(26.76% of the total straw resources)and Shenyang(19.64% of the total straw resources).The variety of straw resources is the most abundant in Chaoyang,and the Sugarbeet and sunflower seed straw is the highest.Corn and rice straw are the main straw resources in Liaoning Province.The total amount of straw returned to the field can replace urea,superphosphate and potassium sulfate fertilizer 230900 tons,338300 tons,443000 tons and 33300 tons,65800 tons and 152800 tons respectively in the current season.It can be seen that Liaoning Province has abundant straw resources,but the straw and its nutrient resources in different regions are quite different,and the regional distribution is uneven.As the main body of straw resources in Liaoning Province,corn and rice straw have great potential to replace chemical fertilizers.The release of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium nutrients from corn and rice straw returning to the field in the current season can reduce fertilizer input by 1.698 billion yuan and 4.23 billion yuan,respectively.Among them,the potassium nutrient released after returning corn straw to the field is equivalent to 595 million yuan of chemical potassium fertilizer,and rice straw can provide the equivalent of 257 million yuan of chemical potassium fertilizer in the current season.Thus,replacing part of chemical fertilizers with straw is conducive to reducing production costs,reducing chemical fertilizer residues,and promoting green and sustainable development of agriculture.