从“学官不下州”到“县学设教谕”:元初地方学官体系的再造

From"School Officials Not Going to the State"to"County Schools Setting-up Teaching Edicts":The Reconstruction of the Local Official School System in the Early Yuan Dynasty

忽必烈混一南北之后,迅速在全国范围内的县级官学推广设立“教谕”一职,主管一县学事(偶亦兼摄政事),改变了唐宋以来“学官不下州”的地方官学治理格局。元朝以此为基础,重新为士人阶层设计了一套以教谕、学录等低级学官为仕途起点的官僚迁转系统。随着科举的复行以及元末政局混乱,其变革的尝试虽然最终归于失败。然而,在元代特殊的文治政策影响下,元代地方学官不同于前代同侪,成为倾向大一统政治权威的新型地方精英。

After Kublai Khan united the north and the south,he quickly promoted the establishment of the position of"teaching edict"in county-level official schools across the country,taking charge of a county's academic affairs(occasionally also serving as regent),which changed the governance pattern since the Tang and Song dynasties when"the academic officials did not go to the state".Based on this,the Yuan Dynasty re-designed a bureaucratic transfer system for the scholar class with low-level school officials such as teaching edicts and academic records as the starting point for official career,in order to replace functions and effects of the previous imperial examination system.With the resumption of the imperial examination and the political chaos in the later period,although its reform attempts ultimately faiied,under the influence of the special civil policy of the Yuan Dynasty,local school officials in the Yuan Dynasty were different from their counterparts in the previous generation and became a new type of elite in iocal government who tended to unify political authority.