《民法典》第二百四十五条(征用)评注

Commentary on Article 245(Requisition)of the Civil Code

《民法典》第二百四十五条系征用规范。征用是单方行政行为,旨在实现公共利益,征用权的行使须以“紧急需要”为前置条件。现行法关于征用人的表述极为混乱,司法实践中对于征用人的认定更为复杂,以致影响到对征用纠纷的正确处理。被征用人为“组织、个人”,其应承担相应的配合义务,但享有原物返还请求权和补偿请求权。鉴于征用具有紧迫性,征用程序较为简单。征用的对象是组织、个人的不动产或者动产,而生活必需品与公共设施、文物应当免于征用。根据《民法典》第一百一十七条规定,征用人应当对被征用人进行“公平、合理的补偿”,且实施征用后无论是否造成被征用财产毁损、灭失,征用人均应当对被征用人予以补偿。被征用人对征用决定及征用补偿决定不服的,可以提起行政诉讼,其中被征用人应当对行政征用行为造成的损失提供证据加以证明。当行使征用权的行政机关的行为导致被征用人无法举证时,则由该行政机关承担举证责任。

Article 245 of the Civil Code is a requisition norm.Requisition is a unilateral adminis-trative act,which aims to realize the public interest,and the exercise of the power of requisition must be based on"urgent need".The expression of the requisitioner in the current law is extremely confusing,and the identification of the requisitioner in judicial practice is more complex,which affects the correct handling of disputes related to requisition.The requisitioned person is an"organization or individual",who should bear the corresponding obligation ofcooperation,but enjoy the right of claim for the return of the original object and the right to claim compensation.In view of the urgency of requisition,the requisition procedure is relatively simple.The object of requisition is the immovable or movable property of an organization or individual,while living necessities,public facilities and cultural relics shall be exempted from requisition.According to Article 117 of the Civil Code,the requisitioner shall make"fair and reasonable compensation"to the requisitioned person,and the requisitioner shall compensate the requisitioned person whether or not it causes damage or loss ofthe requisitioned property.If the requisitioned person is not satisfied with the requisition decision and the requisition compensation decision,he may bring an administrative lawsuit,in which the requisitioned person shall provide evidence to prove the loss caused by the requisition act.When the act of the administrative organ exercising the right of requisition makes it impossible for the requisitioned person to provide evidence,the administrative organ shall bear the burden of proof.