经典名方中草果的本草考证

Herbal Textual Research on Tsaoko Fructus in Famous Classical Formulas

该文通过查阅历代本草、医籍、方书并结合近现代文献资料,对草果的名称、基原、学名考订、产地、入药部位、品质评价、采收加工及炮制、性味归经功能主治的历史沿革进行了系统的梳理与考证,为含此类药材经典名方的开发和利用提供依据。经考证可知,“草果”一名最早见于北宋《太平惠民和剂局方》,历代本草均以草果为正名,尚有草蔻、豆蔻、漏蔻、老蔻、草豆蔻等别名。历代所用草果的主流来源为姜科植物草果Amomum tsaoko的干燥成熟果实,但宋代草果常作为豆蔻或草豆蔻的别名,明代《本草品汇精要》是最早将草果作为单独药材分条记载的本草,清代及其以前受早期古籍的影响,仍有部分书籍将草果与其他姜科植物混淆,直至近现代才将其区分开来。历代本草记载草果的产地为云南、广西,后逐渐扩充至贵州等地,现云南为我国草果种植面积最大的省份,成为草果的主产区。近代以来总结其品质以个大、饱满、色红棕、气味浓者为佳。古代记载草果的采收时间为阴历八月,多为去壳生用或煨炒;现今草果的采收期一般在10—11月,采收后晒干或烘干。关于草果的性味归经、功能主治的记载古今文献基本一致,即性温,味辛,归脾、胃经,燥湿温中、截疟除痰,用于寒湿内阻、脘腹胀痛、痞满呕吐、疟疾寒热、瘟疫发热。基于考证结果,建议开发含草果药材的经典名方时,选用A.tsaoko为其药用基原,炮制方法可根据处方要求,未标明炮制要求的可以生品入药。

This article systematically analyzes the historical evolution of the origin,scientific name,medicinal parts,quality evaluation,harvesting and processing and other aspects of Tsaoko Fructus by consulting ancient materia medica,medical books,prescription books in the past dynasties and combining with the modern literature,so as to provide a basis for the development and utilization of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus.According to the research,the name of Caoguo(草果)was first used in the Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang(《太平惠民和剂局方》)in the Northern Song dynasty,Tsaoko Fructus is the correct name of the herbal medicine in all dynasties,and there are also aliases such as Caokou,Doukou,Loukou,Laokou and Caodoukou.The mainstream source of Tsaoko Fructus used in the past dynasties is the dried mature fruit of Amomum tsaoko of Zingiberaceae,but Tsaoko Fructus was often used as a nickname for Amomi Fructus Rotundus or Alpiniae Katsumadai Semen during the Song dynasty.Bencao Pinhui Jingyao(《本草品汇精要》)in the Ming dynasty was the earliest materia medica that recorded Tsaoko Fructus as a separate medicinal herb in sections.Under the influence of early ancient books,there were some books that confused Tsaoko Fructus with other Zingiberaceae plants during the Qing dynasty,it was not until modern times that Tsaoko Fructus was distinguished from other plants.The origin of Tsaoko Fructus is Yunnan and Guangxi,and then gradually expanded to Guizhou and other places.Now Yunnan is the province with the largest planting area of Tsaoko Fructus,and has become the main producing area.Since modern times,it has been recorded in the literature that the quality of Tsaoko Fructus is mainly characterized by large,full,red-brown and strong in smell.According to ancient records,the harvest time of Tsaoko Fructus was in the eighth month of the lunar calendar,and they were mostly used for peeling or simmering.Currently,the harvest period of Tsaoko Fructus is October to November,and then sun-dried or dried after harvesting.The records of the properties and functional indications of Tsaoko Fructus are basically consistent with the ancient and modern documents,which is warm in nature,pungent in flavor,belonging to the spleen and stomach meridians,moderate in dryness and dampness,intercepting malaria and eliminating phlegm,used for internal resistance of cold and dampness,abdominal distension and pain,fullness and vomiting,malaria cold and fever,and plague fever.Based on the research results,it is suggested that A.tsaoko should be used as the medicinal base for the development of famous classical formulas containing Tsaoko Fructus,processing method can be according to the requirements of the prescription,and if the requirements of concoction are not indicated,it can be used in the form of raw products.