中国饮用水中砷的分布特征及基于伤残调整寿命年的健康风险评价

Distribution Characteristics of Arsenic in Drinking Water in China and Its Health Risk Based on Disability-adjusted Life Years

砷的长期暴露可造成多种器官功能性损伤甚至死亡,掌握其在水中分布特点和潜在风险对防控水源性砷造成人体健康危害有重要意义.基于2000~2022年已发表数据,采用文献计量学方法,在全国尺度范围内系统分析我国饮用水砷污染的地理分布特征,并以表征疾病负担的伤残调整寿命年(DALYs)为量化指标评价因饮用水中砷暴露导致的健康风险.结果表明,我国饮用水中砷的浓度平均值为(2.88±0.33)μg·L^(-1),低于《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)限值(10μg·L^(-1));分布表现为北方高于南方,农村地区高于城市,个别省份(山西、内蒙古和宁夏)仍存在超标现象.饮用水砷造成的健康风险大小整体为1.63×10^(-6)DALYs·(人·a)^(-1),高于WHO《饮用水水质准则》推荐的风险参考水平[1.0×10^(-6)DALYs·(人·a)^(-1)];在六大地理区域风险大小排序为:华北>东北>中南>西北>西南>华东.水砷暴露导致皮肤癌(2905.25 DALYs·a^(-1))和肺癌(1513.96 DALYs·a^(-1))是其产生疾病负担的主要方式(99.4%);45岁以上中老年人群承受了大部分(78.0%)水砷造成的健康损害,60岁以上老年人群个体健康损失风险更高,是风险防控中需要特别关注的对象.

Long-term exposure to arsenic can lead to functional damage to many organs and can be life-threatening.It is of great significance to analyze the distribution characteristics of arsenic in water and evaluate its potential risk for preventing and controlling human health hazards caused by water-derived arsenic.Based on the published data from 2000 to 2022,the geographical distribution characteristics of arsenic in drinking water across China were systematically analyzed in detail,and the health risk of arsenic in drinking water was quantitatively assessed using disability-adjusted life years(DALYs),which represent the burden of disease.The results showed that the average concentration of arsenic in drinking water in China was(2.88±0.33)μg·L^(-1),which was lower than the limit of 10μg·L^(-1) set by the standard for drinking water quality(GB 5749-2022).Nevertheless,the arsenic in drinking water in some provinces,including Shanxi,Inner Mongolia,and Ningxia,was still higher than the limit.The arsenic concentration in drinking water in northern China was higher than that in southern China,and that in rural areas was higher than that in cities.The estimated health risk of arsenic in drinking water(1.63×10^(-6) DALYs per person-year)was higher than the acceptable risk level of waterborne exposure of 1.0×10^(-6) DALYs per person-year set by the World Health Organization.The personal health risks related to arsenic in drinking water in the six geographical regions were ranked as follows:North China>Northeast China>Central South China>Northwest China>Southwest China>East China.Almost all(99.4%)of the health burden associated with water arsenic was attributable to skin and lung cancer,which caused 2905.25 and 1513.96 DALYs per year,respectively.Most(78.0%)of the health burden was borne by people aged 45 years or older.In addition,given the proportion of each age group in the total population,older persons over the age of 60 bear a higher drinking-water-associated arsenic burden at the individual level than others,and attention should be consequently paid to them when controlling the risk of arsenic in water.