论“禁野”《决定》中滥食野生动物行为的识别与规制

On Identification and Prohibition of Wild Animal Consumption Defined in The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Comprehensively Prohibiting Illegal Wildlife Trade,Eliminating Indiscriminate Wildlife Consumption for the Protection of the People’s Lives,Health and Safety

食用或者以食用为目的购买、持有“除《畜禽遗传资源目录》之外”的陆生野生动物以及“国家和省级重点保护的珍贵、濒危”水生野生动物的人类活动均应被界定为《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于全面禁止非法野生动物交易、革除滥食野生动物陋习、切实保障人民群众生命健康安全的决定》(以下简称《决定》)中的“滥食野生动物行为”。在行政执法或刑事司法实践中,“滥食野生动物行为”的发现、取证与追责均面临难题,亟须将“以食用为目的购买、持有”前述野生动物的行为扩张解释为“滥食野生动物行为”并予以法律制裁。对于滥食“《决定》‘重申’禁止食用的野生动物”的行为,若属于一般违法行为,宜在现有法律规定基础上通过倍增罚款金额以实施“加重”处罚,并建议通过扩增处罚种类、明确“加重”处罚幅度以及细化行政强制措施的规定等方式实现行政制裁的规范化;若属于犯罪行为,虽可在现有法律规定基础上实施“加重”处罚,但亟须通过“两高”司法解释明确“加重”处罚的“基点”与幅度。对于滥食“《决定》‘新增’禁止食用的野生动物”的行为,不管是一般违法行为还是犯罪行为,“参照”处罚仅为《决定》的“权宜之计”,亟须通过立法弥补行政执法或刑事司法依据的缺失,以期实现对“滥食野生动物行为”的有效规制。

Human activities involving the consumption,purchase or possession for the purpose of consumption of terrestrial wildlife“other than those listed in the Catalogue of Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resources”as well as“precious and endangered aquatic wildlife under national and provincial-level protection”shall be taken as“indiscriminate wildlife consumption”as defined in The Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress on Comprehensively Prohibiting Illegal Wildlife Trade,Eliminating Indiscriminate Wildlife Consumption for the Protection of the People’s Lives,Health and Safety(hereafter referred to as The Decision on Prohibiting Wild Animal Abuse).In law enforcement or criminal justice practice,the discovery,evidence collection and prosecution of“indiscriminate wildlife consumption”face difficulties,and there is an urgent need to expand the interpretation of“purchasing or possessing for the purpose of consumption”of wildlife to“indiscriminate wildlife consumption”and to impose legal sanctions.For the behavior of eating wild animals prohibited for consumption by the The Decision on Prohibiting Wild Animal Abuse,if it is an ordinary violation,it is advisable to implement“aggravated”punishment by doubling the amount of fine on the basis of existing legal provisions.It is also recommended that administrative sanctions be standardized by expanding the types of penalties,clarifying the range of“aggravated”penalties and refining the provisions of administrative coercive measures.If it is a criminal behavior,although“aggravated”punishment can be implemented on the basis of existing legal provisions,it is urgent to clarify the“base point”and the range of“aggravated”punishment through the judicial interpretation of the Supreme People’s Court and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate.For the indiscriminate consumption of newly added wildlife on the prohibition list of The Decision on Prohibiting Wild Animal Abuse,whether it is an ordinary violation or a criminal behavior,“reference”punishment is only a“temporary expedient”of The Decision on Prohibiting Wild Animal Abuse,and it is urgent to make up for the lack of an administrative enforcement or criminal judicial basis through legislation in order to achieve effective ban of“indiscriminate consumption of wildlife”.