马克思对蒲鲁东反贫困理论的解构与超越——从《贫困的哲学》到《哲学的贫困》

Marx's Deconstruction and Transcendence of Proudhon's Anti-poverty Theory:From The Philosophy of Poverty to The Poverty of Philosophy

蒲鲁东在面对人类社会的贫困问题时,在《贫困的哲学》中总结了十个方面的原因,最终将贫困的根源归结为所有权,他试图通过“构成价值”来实现平等交换,构建一个绝对平等的社会。然而,其反贫困理论却存在着三个方面的根本缺陷:以唯心主义的历史观来推演人类社会;将黑格尔的辩证法机械化为简单的正题、反题、合题的公式;在摆脱贫困的现实路径中恐惧革命而崇尚“文火”。与之相反,马克思则站在历史唯物主义的原则高度,从现实经济关系出发来分析人类社会的贫困问题,批判并解构了蒲鲁东唯心主义的经济范畴,初步阐明了其政治经济学的重要观点,指明了无产阶级的解放之路。

Facing the problem of poverty in human society,Proudhon summarizes its causes in ten aspects in The Philosophy of Poverty and attributes the root of poverty to ownership.He aims to achieve equal exchange through “constitutive value” and build an absolutely egalitarian society.However,his anti-poverty theory exhibits three fundamental flaws:utilizing an idealist perspective of history to deduce human society;mechanizing Hegel's dialectics into simplistic formulas of propositions,antitheses,and conjunctions;and fearing revolution and advocating reform in the realistic path out of poverty.In contrast,grounded in the principles of historical materialism,Marx examines the issue of poverty in human society from the vantage point of real economic relations.He critiques and deconstructs the economic categories in Proudhon's idealism,provides a preliminary exposition of key points in political economy,and outlines the path to the emancipation of the proletariat.