笔谈:数字化为文明赋彩——文物和文化遗产数字技术应用现状与实践路径

Digitalization Adds Color to Civilization:the Current Situation and Practical Path of Digital Technology Application in Cultural Relics and Cultural Heritage

数字技术在文化遗产领域的应用已从最初的信息储存和传输,发展到数据处理分析,进而进化到今天的自动化和智能化处理与展示,在文化遗产研究、记录、保护、利用等方面起到了至关重要的作用。当前,我国基本形成覆盖文物保护工作全链条的数字化解决方案,并不断创新核心技术与设备,形成通用技术与国际并驾齐驱、特色技术引领国际潮流的发展趋势。数字技术在考古遗址三维空间信息的获取、分析、模拟、研究和展示等全过程中发挥着重要作用,为古代遗址与自然环境之间的人地关系等研究开辟了新的途径。新一代测绘技术,可实现对建成遗产三维数字形式的记录与保存,在精度、纹理、展示分析、交互以及文物古建的数字修复等方面具有不可替代的价值。通过“空间历史大数据”途径,可以打破过往人文学科与空间操作之间的知识鸿沟与技术壁垒,促进文化遗产以体系化技术操作实现“公众化”,通过文化空间实践达成未来城乡高质量发展和历史人文知识存续之间的良性互动。数字化实践在非物质文化遗产保护中的应用范围在不断扩大,已然从保存、宣传扩展到传承、振兴的层面。从全球视野审视数字化这一新兴领域的发展历程和前沿动态,文化遗产数字化面临着建立更完善的数据资源等挑战。

Applications of digital technology in the field of cultural heritage has expanded from initial information storage and transmission to data processing and analysis,and further to today's automatic and smart processing and presentation,playing critical roles in research,documentation,conservation and utilization of cultural heritage.Nowadays,more and more scientific research institutions,universities and enterprises in China are carrying out research on digitalization technologies for cultural relics,and have established digitalized solutions and programs to cover the whole chain of processes for cultural relic conservation while continuously innovating core technologies and devices.As a result,China has not only kept pace with the rest of the world in terms of general technologies,but also developed special technologies which lead new trends in the world,showing its growing trend in developing digitalization technologies for cultural heritage conservation.Digital technologies such as high resolution satellite remote sensing technology,low-altitude drone filming,3D re-establishment of archaeological sites,and geological information system play significant roles in the whole process of obtaining,analyzing,simulating,studying and displaying 3D spatial information about archaeological sites,providing a new approach to exploring the human-land relationship between ancient sites and natural environment.The new generation of surveying and mapping technology can record and store built heritage in 3D digital format,having incomparable advantages in accuracy,texture,presentation,and interaction as well as indispensable value in digitally restoring cultural relics and ancient buildings.The knowledge gap between humanities and spatial operations may be narrowed via an approach based on historical spatial big data,and cultural heritage is promoted among the public through systematic technical operations.Therefore,constructive interactions between future high-quality urban-rural development and sustainability of historical humanitarian knowledges can be achieved through cultural spatial practices.Applications of digitalization practices in conservation of intangible cultural heritage have been growing continuously,expanding from conserving and promoting to sustaining and revitalizing the heritage.Facing problems in digitalization of cultural heritage in today's China,the authors propose the following suggestions.Collection and review of digital resources regarding cultural relics should be accelerated,and a cloud platform should be established for cultural relics;digitalization technologies should be integrated,and series of standards should be developed for digitalization;supervision over the content of digital presentations should be intensified,and systems should be established to cultivate interdisciplinary talents in the fields relating to humanities and museology.