水禽羽毛生长机制及其营养调控研究进展

Research Progress on Feather Growth Mechanism and Nutritional Control of Waterfowl

羽毛是水禽的关键经济性状,也是重要的外貌特征,羽毛在飞翔、保温、游泳、防护、调控温度等方面都具有重要作用。羽毛的结构复杂,羽毛类型及组成也大不相同,另外羽毛的发育需经过三代逐级生长才最终长成。毛囊的生长发育在羽毛生长发育中扮演着重要角色,从毛囊的结构及组成,毛囊发生发育的过程到毛囊生长期、退行期和静止期3个时期的更新,初级毛囊和次级毛囊的分类等无一不显示出毛囊发育是羽毛生长发育的关键。羽毛的生长发育是一个极其复杂的过程,除了Wnt/β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)信号通路、成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)家族、SHH信号通路、Notch信号、Hox基因、表皮生长因子(EGF)和血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)等多种因素参与外,还受到各种营养物质的调控,如蛋白质、氨基酸、维生素、矿物元素等。然而,近年来随着养禽业集约化发展和旱养规模化的进步,水禽羽毛问题(如生长缓慢、无光泽、异常脱落等)日益突出,严重影响其羽毛品质及屠宰外观,导致极大经济损失。作者主要从水禽羽毛生长、毛囊的结构与发育等方面阐述了参与水禽羽毛生长和毛囊发育的相关因子,并整理归纳了对羽毛生长发育具有积极调控作用的营养物质,以期为解决水禽羽毛问题和推进水禽产业发展提供一定的参考。

Feathers are the key economic traits of waterfowl,and also important physical characteristics.Feathers play an important role in flight,heat preservation,swimming,protection,temperature control and so on.The structure of feathers is complex,feather types and composition are also very different,and the development of feathers requires three generations of progressive growth before final growth.The growth and development of hair follicles also play an important role in the growth and development of feathers.From the structure and composition of hair follicles,the development process of hair follicles,the renewal of hair follicle growth,degeneration and quiescence,the classification of primary and secondary hair follicles all show that hair follicle development is the key to the growth and development of feathers.The growth and development of feathers is an extremely complex process,in addition to being affected by multiple factors(Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway,fibroblast growth factor(FGF)family,SHH(sonic hedge)hog signaling pathway,Notch signaling,Hox gene,epidermal growth factor(EGF)and platelet-derived growth factor(PDGF)),are also regulated by various nutrients,such as proteins,amino acids,vitamins,and mineral elements.However,in recent years,with the intensive development of the poultry industry and the progress of the scale of dry farming,the problems of waterfowl feathers(such as slow growth,dull,abnormal shedding,etc.)have become increasingly prominent,seriously affecting the quality of their feathers and the appearance of slaughter,resulting in great economic losses.In this paper,the factors involved in feather growth and hair follicle development of waterfowl were reviewed from the perspective of feather growth,hair follicle structure and development,and the nutrients that have positive regulation on feather growth and development were summarized,hoping to provide theoretical basis for the advancement of waterfowl industry,especially the promotion of drought culture.