清代直隶地区社仓与义仓关系之考辨——兼论两仓衰败的原因

On the Relationship Between Social Granaries and Charity Granaries in the Zhili Area of the Qing Dynasty —A Discussion on the Causes of the Decline of Both Granaries

在清代推行设立社仓与义仓的过程中,直隶均作为试点地区。康雍时期清廷数次在直隶地区推行设立社仓,社仓的官仓化是乾隆时期推行设立义仓的主要原因。至道光年间,直隶地区的义仓已基本取代了社仓,因此两者并非一直并存于直隶地区。社仓和义仓的储粮主要源于士绅富户的捐输,官府皆希冀通过有偿赈贷实现储粮的收支平衡或增加。实际上,在经营中兼具有偿赈贷与无偿赈济的双重职能。此外,两仓在经营中都不曾避免非制度化的支出,储粮遭到侵蚀和挪用。社仓储粮多寄存于常平仓或寺庙公所之中,而义仓则有专属固定的仓厫,且两者在城乡皆有分布。因此,就清代直隶地区而言,两者还是表现出了更多的相似性。在两仓的经营运作过程中,无法避免大多数人“白搭车”是其出现周期性衰败的主要原因之一。

During the Qing Dynasty,the establishment of social granaries and charity granaries was implemented as a pilot program in the Zhili Area.In the Kangxi and Yongzheng periods,the Qing court repeatedly promoted the establishment of social granaries in the Zhili Area,and the transformation of social granaries into official granaries was the main reason for the implementation of charity granaries during the Qianlong period.By the Daoguang period,charity granaries had basically replaced social granaries in the Zhili Area,so the two did not coexist in the area for a long time.The grain storage of both social granaries and charity granaries mainly came from donations from gentry and wealthy households.The government hoped to achieve a balance or increase in grain storage through relief loans,and both granaries had functions of relief loans and relief operations in actual management and operation.Both granaries inevitably faced non-systematic expenditures,and grain storage was eroded and misappropriated.The grain storage of social granaries was mostly stored in Changping granaries or temple offices,while charity granaries had dedicated and fixed warehouses,and both were distributed in urban and rural areas.Therefore,in the Zhili Area of the Qing Dynasty,the two granaries showed more similarities.In the operation of the two granaries,the inability to avoid"free riders"for the majority of people was one of the main reasons for their cyclic decline.