法布里-珀罗干涉仪在远程探测领域的应用

Applications of Fabry-Perot Interferometer in Remote Sensing Detection

远程光谱探测是人类探索大尺寸空间和物质的重要手段,在天文、气象、深海等领域发挥着重要的作用,但收集远程光谱对光谱仪的性能也提出了很高的要求。根据Jacquinot提出的光谱性能评价标准,相较于其他光谱系统(光栅光谱仪,棱镜光谱仪等),法布里-珀罗(F-P)干涉仪通光孔径大、多光束干涉的光谱分辨能力强,使其在远程弱光探测领域有着天然的优势。从1914年法布里本人第一次将F-P干涉仪用于天文观测以来,F-P干涉仪已被广泛应用于远程光谱测量领域,并逐渐发展出各种改进型F-P干涉仪。传统F-P干涉仪在远程探测领域主要面临三个问题:自由光谱范围窄,大孔径的F-P干涉仪装调难度大,环状干涉结构能量分散。随着探测需求的不断提升和科学技术的长足进步,解决方案也应运而生,本文介绍了三种典型的改进型F-P干涉仪,分别是:增加自由光谱范围的级联F-P干涉仪,适用于极端环境下的旋转扫描F-P干涉仪以及将能量分散的干涉圆环转换为能量集中的干涉直线的F-P干涉系统(CLIO)。对F-P干涉仪在气象、天文、深海等领域中的重要应用进行了系统的总结。在气象学领域,介绍了用于大气中层和热层风速测量的大口径F-P干涉仪,测量大气中的痕量气体及其同位素体的德国海森堡高精细度F-P干涉仪;在天文学领域,介绍了由美国威斯康星大学设计、用于研究星际物质发射线的级联F-P干涉仪;在海洋学领域,介绍了国内F-P干涉仪测量布里渊散射的主要应用实例:2004年北京师范大学设计的水下布里渊散射系统,2021年上海交通大学设计的星载布里渊散射系统等;在大气污染检测领域,介绍了南开大学设计的F-P干涉仪用于测量飞秒激光远程光丝NaCl气溶胶荧光光谱。最后提出光谱识别精度,热稳定性是未来F-P干涉仪应用在远程光谱测量领域需要进一步突破的难点。

Remote spectral detection is an important way to explore large-scale space and matter,which plays critical roles in astronomy,meteorology,and the deep sea.However,detecting remote and often weak spectra poses high requirements for the performance of spectrometers.According to the spectral performance evaluation standard proposed by Jacquinot,compared with other spectral systems(grating spectrometer,prism spectrometer,etc.),the Fabry Perot(F-P)interferometer has a large aperture and high spectral resolution,which possesses the intrinsic advantage in the field of remote weak light detection.Since Fabry first used the F-P interferometer for astronomical observation in 1914,the F-P interferometer has been widely used in remote spectral measurement,and various improved F-P interferometers have been developed in recent years.Traditional F-P interferometers mainly face three problems when used in remote spectral detection:narrow free spectral range,difficult installation and adjustment of large aperture F-P interferometers,and unconcentrated spectral energy induced by the circular interference structures.This article introduces three typical improved F-P interferometers,including the cascaded F-P interferometer that greatly extends the free spectral range,the rotating scanning F-P interferometer that eases the adjustment and is suitable for extreme environments,and the circle-to-line interferometer optical system(CLIO)that converts interference rings to interference lines with improved energy concentration.This article provides a systematic summary of the important applications of the F-P interferometer in meteorology,astronomy,and the deep sea.In meteorology,a large-aperture F-P interferometer for measuring wind speeds in the atmosphere's mesosphere and thermosphere was introduced,and a German Heisenberg high-precision F-P interferometer for measuring trace gases and their isotopes in the atmosphere was also presented.In astronomy,a cascaded F-P interferometer designed by the University of Wisconsin in the United States for studying interstellar material emission lines was introduced.In the field of oceanography,the main application examples of domestic F-P interferometers for measuring Brillouin scattering were introduced,including the underwater Brillouin scattering system designed by Beijing Normal University in 2004 and the spaceborne Brillouin scattering system designed by Shanghai Jiao Tong University in 2021.Finally,this article proposes that spectral recognition accuracy and thermal stability are difficulties that need to be solved in the future applications of F-P interferometers in remote spectral measurement.