女性贫困与女性发展:一个社会保障权的视角

Women’s Poverty and Women’s Development: From the Perspective of Social Security Rights

与男性相比,女性不仅更易陷入贫困,也更难摆脱贫困。女性构成了社会保障关照的主要对象,她们对社会保障的依赖反过来也证明了她们的贫困程度。以性别中立为导向的社会保障制度,未顾及女性的系统性劣势,难以有效预防和缓解女性贫困问题。作为社会保障制度的核心概念,社会保障权的法定化标志着人们对贫困问题的认识开始由个人因素转向社会结构因素。然而如果仅以形式平等来推进女性社会保障权的实现,反而会复制、加剧女性的贫困问题,因此应当从实质平等的视角来解释社会保障权。为更好地通过社会保障权来促进女性发展,社会保障制度应采取诸多性别化的措施:在再分配维度上,从国家层面的再分配和家庭内部层面的再分配这两个方面同时向女性群体倾斜;在认识维度上,打破性别刻板印象,通过采取积极的措施促进就业性别平等;在变革维度上,推动家务劳动的社会化,从而扩展社会保障权的资格要件;在参与维度上,建构完善的儿童公共照顾服务,以分担和转移女性的家庭照顾责任。

Compared to men,women are not only more likely to fall into poverty,but also more difficult to get out of poverty.Women constitute the main target of social security care,and their dependence on social security in turn proves their level of poverty.The gender neutral oriented social security system does not take into account the systemic disadvantages of women,making it difficult to effectively prevent and alleviate female poverty.As the core concept of the social security system,the legalization of social security rights marks the shift of people’s understanding of poverty from individual factors to social structural factors.However,if only formal equality is used to promote the realization of women’s social security rights,it will instead replicate and exacerbate women’s poverty problems.Therefore,substantive equality should be used to explain social security rights.The understanding of the transformative nature of substantive equality requires the social security system to adopt gendered measures,including:in terms of redistribution,tilting towards female groups from both the national level and the internal family level;In terms of cognitive dimensions,break down gender stereotypes and take positive measures to promote gender equality in employment;In terms of transformation dimension,promote the socialization of household chores,thereby expanding the qualification requirements of social security rights;On the dimension of participation,construct a comprehensive public care service for children to share and transfer women’s family care responsibilities.