论观众擅闯体育赛场的民事责任--以观众擅闯足球赛场为例

On the Civil Liability of Spectators’Pitch Invasions in Sport--Taking the pitch invasions at soccer games as an example

“球迷擅闯球场拥抱梅西”引发社会广泛关注,根据现行法规,其涉及组织者的安全保护义务与球场观众的文明观赛义务,二者需承担行业处罚与行政处罚等法律责任。但实践中观众擅闯体育赛场依然屡禁不止,尤其表现在足球比赛,其危害性不言而喻。德国法院在球场观众擅闯体育赛场构成违约的基础上,以组织者额外所受处罚为依据计算损害赔偿范围并论证其因果关系的成立,厘清球场观众承担违约责任的逻辑径路,有效实现对球场观众暴力的震慑作用。有鉴于德国司法实践,在民法典视域需明确球场观众民事责任的因果关系以及组织者支出罚没款的可追偿,同时在体育法视域应虑及体育特殊性,参考体育文化等因素对其民事赔偿金额做适当限制,实现体育赛事的秩序维护。

The spectators’Pitch Invasions to Hug Lionel Messi incident has attracted widespread attention in society.Current regulations involve the safety protection obligations of organizers and the civilized observation obligations of stadium spectators,both of which are legally responsible for industry and administrative penalties.However,in practice,it is still repeatedly prohibited for audiences to trespass on sports venues,especially in football matches,and its harm is self-evident.The German court in the stadium audience trespassing on the sports field constitutes a breach of contract on the basis of the organizers of additional penalties as the basis for calculating the scope of damages and to prove the establishment of its causality,clarify the stadium audience bear the responsibility for the logic of the path of breach of contract,and effective realization of the deterrent effect on the stadium audience violence.On the basis of German judicial practice,from the civil code perspective,there is a need to clarify the civil liability of the stadium spectators of the causal relationship and the organization of the expenditure of confiscated money recoverable,at the same time,in the sports law perspective should take into account the specificity of sports,with reference to the sports culture and other factors of the amount of civil damages to the appropriate limit,to achieve the maintenance of order of the sports event.