本科层次职业教育的德国画像——双元制大学学业模式管窥

A German Portrait of Vocational Education at the Undergraduate Level——A Look at the Dual System of higher education

当前,本科层次职业教育的发展已成为我国教育改革的关键,同时也是全球中学后教育革新的普遍趋势。本研究剖析了德国职教本科的典型代表——双元制大学学业模式,主要从范围界定、内涵解读、机制保障三个维度展开。在范围界定上,在德国教育体系中,判断高校是否属于职教本科,关键在于其是否设有职教本科属性的专业,或是否在高等教育层面进行了双元制人才培养的探索与实践。此举避免了简单的学校分类,而是聚焦于专业的职教特性。在内涵解读层面,德国双元制大学学业模式的形成,受经济、就业和教育等多重动因驱动。为全面解析其运作机理,以巴登-符腾堡州双元制大学斯图加特分校的电气工程专业为案例,详细剖析了“培养主体、培养对象、培养内容、培养目标、培养方式”五大核心要素。最后,在机制保障方面,德国双元制大学学业模式的成功,离不开其科学的专业建设机制和灵活的组织管理机制,这些机制确保了人才培养的持续正向效应,为实现人才培养目标提供了有力保障。

At present,the development of undergraduate-level vocational education has become the key to China's education reform,as well as the general trend of global post-secondary education innovation.This study analyzes the typical representative of German vocational education undergraduate-dual system of higher education,and develop mainly from three dimensions:scope definition,connotation interpretation,mechanism guarantee.In terms of scope definition,in the German education system,the key to determining whether a college or university belongs to vocational undergraduate is whether it has majors with vocational undergraduate attributes or whether it implements the exploration and practice of dual-system talent cultivation at the higher education level.This move avoids simple school categorization and focuses on the vocational attributes of the specialties.At the level of connotation interpretation,the formation of the dual of higher education in Germany is driven by multiple motivations such as economy,employment and education.In order to comprehensively analyze its operation mechanism,the five core elements of"cultivation subject,cultivation object,cultivation content,cultivation goal and cultivation approach"are analyzed in detail with the case of the electrical engineering major of Stuttgart branch school of Duale Hochschule Baden-Wurttemberg.Finally,in terms of mechanism guarantee,the success of the dual system of higher education is inseparable from its scientific professional construction mechanism and flexible organization and management mechanism,which ensure the continuous positive effect of talent cultivation and provide a strong guarantee for the realization of talent cultivation goals.