西藏札达县托林寺新发现的元代投诉文书残卷与元朝对阿里的治理

The Newly Discovered Tibetan Compliant Manuscript of the Yuan Dynasty in mTho-lding Monastery,Zhada County,Xizang and the Governance of mNgav-ris Region by the Central Government of the Yuan Dynasty

2011年,在西藏札达县托林寺发现了一件元代的藏文投诉文书残卷,发现者对其进行了初步研究。文章在讨论文书的年代、汉译文书内容,并对其中金字使、同知、乌拉等重要历史名词进行考证的基础上,结合既往研究,对文书涉及的元代中央政府治理西藏的重要措施进行了进一步较为深入、全面的研究。研究表明,文书记载的金字使、同知、乌拉等重要历史名词,不仅源于元代,系藏文对汉文、蒙古文等不同文字的翻译,而且是元代中央政府治理西藏等涉藏地区的系列重要举措。其中金字使是元代中央政府向西藏地方派出的钦差,同知是中央和地方管理涉藏地区的政府官员,驿站是元代中央政府在涉藏地区建立的供往来的政府官员途中食宿、换马的场所,而乌拉则是为驿站的运营而向涉藏地区沿途百姓摊派的差役。文章认为,文书中的记载与元代中央政府在整个涉藏地区的相关施政措施相关,从而充分证明了元代中央政府对阿里地区的治理,该文书因此是元代中央政府治理阿里地区的重要实物证据之一。鉴于阿里地区传世和出土的相关文献和文物十分稀少,该文书不仅印证了文献的相关记载,也弥补了相关记载的缺失和实物的不足,具有十分重要的历史和学术价值。

In 2011,a Tibetan manuscript of the Yuan Dynasty was discovered in mTho-lding Monastery,Zhada County,Xizang,and the preliminary research was conducted on it.Since the manuscript involves a series of measures taken by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty to govern Xizang,such as gSer-yig-pa,Tongzhi,and vU-lag,this paper,based on the discussion on the date of the manuscript,the Chinese translation of the text,and the textual research of the relevant important historical terms in it,has conducted a further indepth and comprehensive study of the important measures taken by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty to govern mNgav-ris region under the general background of the central government's governance of Xizang in the Yuan Dynasty,combined with previous research.The research shows that the important historical terms recorded in the manuscript,such as gSer-yig-pa,Tongzhi,and vU-lag,not only originated from the Yuan Dynasty,but also were Tibetan translations of Chinese and Mongolian languages,and a series of important measures taken by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty to govern Xizang and other Tibetan inhabited areas.Among them,the"gSer-yig-pa"was an imperial envoy to Xizang sent by the central government of the Yuan Dynasty,and"Tongzhi"was a government official appointed in both central and local governments in charge of Tibetan affairs,the"post station"was a place set up by the central government in Tibetan areas for official to board,sleep and exchange horses on the way,while"vU-lag"was a labor service assigned to the Tibetans on the way for the operation of the post stations.Records in this manuscript are consistent with the relevant measures of the central government in the Tibetan areas,which fully proves the governance of the central government over the mNgav-ris region.Therefore,this manuscript is one of the important evidences for the central government of Yuan Dynasty to govern the mNgav-ris region.In view of the scarcity of relevant documents and cultural relicts handed down and unearthed in the mNgav-ris region,this manuscript not only confirms the relevant records in the documents,makes up for the lack of relevant records and physic;al objects,but also enriches the historical details,so it has very important historical and academic value.