我国农业面源污染研究与展望

Prospect and research on agricultural non-point source pollution in China

农业面源污染会带来一定的生态环境风险。经过20多年的治理,我国面源污染基础研究和防控工作取得重要进展,构建了流域、区域或国家尺度农业面源污染源汇路径全过程监测与评估体系,基本厘清了不同生态条件下农田系统中氮磷流失的主控因子,初步探明了农田有毒有害化学/生物污染与防控机制。在防控技术层面,研发出新型、绿色肥料替代常规化肥减量投入技术与产品,氮、磷高效利用污染负荷减排技术,土壤氮、磷增容负荷减排技术,坡耕地氮磷流失阻控技术,农业废弃物资源化利用技术与消纳装备。我国农业氮、磷排放污染负荷虽整体呈下降趋势,但依然是影响我国环境质量的首要污染因子,且农业面源污染呈现新的特征,表现为养殖业尤其是水产养殖业污染问题逐渐突出,残留地膜、农药、抗生素、激素、病原微生物等新型污染物污染问题不容忽视,面源污染途径从以径流扩散为主转向淋溶、挥发、累积并重的阶段,污染介质从单一地表水体转向包括地下水体、大气以及农田生态系统并存的状态。未来应以本领域我国取得科研成果和相关信息资源为基础,利用数字技术和AI技术,构建我国农业面源污染防控技术和管理融合大数据模型和系统理论,持续加强田块、流域、区域等多尺度面源污染防控技术集成配套与工程化应用研究,培育绿色低碳农业新质生产力产业,落实防控技术工程“政—产—学—研—用”保障机制与措施,以提升区域或流域尺度面源污染防控技术的环境、经济和社会综合效益,全面推进我国农业面源污染治理工作,促进农业高质量健康发展。

Agricultural non-point source pollution(AGNPS)incurs certain ecological and environmental risks.After over two decades of governance efforts,substantial progress has been achieved in both the fundamental research and the prevention and control of AGNPS in China.A comprehensive monitoring and evaluation system for the entire process of source and sink paths of AGNPS at the basin,regional or national scale has been established.The primary controlling factors of nitrogen and phosphorus loss within farmland systems under diverse ecological circumstances have been essentially clarified,and the pollution and prevention and control mechanisms of toxic and harmful chemical/biological pollution in farmland have been initially identified.At the technological level of prevention and control,the following have been developed:novel and green fertilizer substitution techniques and products for reducing the input of conventional chemical fertilizers,nitrogen and phosphorus efficient utilization and pollution load reduction technologies,soil nitrogen and phosphorus capacityincreasing and load reduction technologies,nitrogen and phosphorus loss control technologies for sloping farmland,and agricultural waste resource utilization technologies along with digestion equipment.Although the pollution load of agricultural nitrogen and phosphorus emissions in China has demonstrated an overall downward trend,it remains the predominant pollution factor influencing the environmental quality in China.Furthermore,AGNPS exhibits new characteristics,manifested by the increasingly prominent pollution issues in the breeding industry,particularly in the aquaculture sector.The pollution problems associated with new pollutants such as residual plastic film,pesticides,antibiotics,hormones,pathogenic microorganisms,etc.cannot be disregarded.The pathways of AGNPS have shifted from being dominated by runoff diffusion to a stage where leaching,volatilization and accumulation are of equal significance.The pollution medium has transitioned from a single surface water body to a state where underground water bodies,the atmosphere and farmland ecosystems coexist.In the future,grounded on the scientific research accomplishments and relevant information resources attained in this domain in China,digital technology and AI technology should be employed to construct a big data model and system theory integrating prevention and control technologies and management of AGNPS in China.Research on the integration and engineering application of multi-scale AGNPS prevention and control technologies such as farmland plots,basins and regions should be continuously intensified.New quality productivity industries of green and low-carbon agriculture should be cultivated.The guarantee mechanisms and measures of the“government−industry−university−research−application”for prevention and control technology projects should be implemented to enhance the comprehensive environmental,economic and social benefits of AGNPS prevention and control technologies at the regional or basin scale,thereby comprehensively advancing the governance of AGNPS in China and facilitating the high-quality and healthy development of agriculture.