15天完全禁食对双重认知控制功能的影响——来自ERP的证据

Effects of a 15-days complete fast on dual cognitive control functioning-Evidence from an ERPs

目的未来在对近地行星(如火星、木星等)的登陆和探索过程中,为减少火箭载荷量,航天员可能主动禁食;甚至在未来载人深空探测过程中,航天员更有可能主动禁食,或进入休眠低代谢状态,以便节省载荷量,使飞船飞行时间更长,位置更深、更远。完全禁食状态下,个体能够在一段时间内保持认知能力稳定并做出适当反应,这对生存非常重要。本研究旨在探究15 d完全禁食对双重认知控制功能的影响及其神经机制。方法本研究招募24名健康志愿者全程参与禁食实验。通过采集AX持续表现任务(AX-CPT Task)的行为和脑电数据结合事件相关电位技术记录了16名志愿者的完整数据,以评估15 d完全禁食对志愿者双重认知控制的影响。结果(1)行为结果在反应时[F(1,15)=99.41,P<0.001,η^(2)_(p)=0.87]和错误率[F(1,15)=7.75,P=0.014,η^(2)_(p)=0.34]方面主效应显著,BX试次比AY试次的反应时和错误率均显著更低。(2)脑电结果在P3b上线索类型主效应显著[F(1,15)=16.43,P=0.001,η^(2)_(p)=0.52],线索B比线索A诱发更正的波幅,CNV上线索类型主效应显著[F(1,15)=10.72,P=0.005,η^(2)_(p)=0.42],线索A比线索B诱发更负的波幅,以及在N2上试次类型主效应显著[F(1,15)=6.90,P=0.019,η^(2)_(p)=0.32],BX试次比AY试次诱发出更负的波幅。这些结果均说明志愿者倾向于使用主动性控制的加工方式。结论15 d的完全禁食实验未对志愿者的双重认知控制功能产生明显影响,这说明在15 d完全禁食状态下,志愿者也具有充足的认知资源来执行认知控制。这有助于进一步了解完全禁食与双重认知控制加工方式的关系,并为未来近地行星登陆甚至深空探索过程中,主动处于禁食状态下航天员的生存和工作提供理论支持和参考依据。

Objective In the future,during the landing and exploration of near-Earth planets(e.g.,Mars,Jupiter,etc.),astronauts may take the initiative to start fasting to reduce the amount of load;and it is even more likely that astronauts will take the initiative to fast in the process of manned deep-space exploration in the future,or they may enter a dormant low-metabolism state to save the amount of load to enable the spaceship to fly for a longer period,and to locate in a deeper and farther position.The ability of an individual to maintain cognitive ability and respond appropriately over a period in a long-term fasting state is important for survival.Therefore,the present study focused on investigating the effects of 15 days of complete fasting on dual cognitive control function and its neural mechanisms.Methods Twenty-four healthy volunteers were recruited to participate in the fasting experiment.Behavioral and electroencephalographic data from the AX-CPT Task were collected with event-related potentials(ERP)to assess the effects of 15 days of complete fasting on dual cognitive control in 16 volunteers.Results(1)Behavioral outcomes had significant main effects on response time[F(1,15)=99.41,P<0.001,η^(2)_(p)=0.87]and error rate[F(1,15)=7.75,P=0.014,η^(2)_(p)=0.34],and BX trials were significantly lower than AY trials for both response time and error rate.(2)EEG results were significant for a cue type main effect on P3b[F(1,15)=16.43,P=0.001,η^(2)_(p)=0.52],with cue B inducing a more positive wave amplitude than cue A,and a cue type main effect on CNV[F(1,15)=10.72,P=0.005,η^(2)_(p)=0.42],with cue A evoking a more negative amplitude than cue B,and a significant main effect of trial type on N2[F(1,15)=6.90,P=0.019,η^(2)_(p)=0.32],with BX trials inducing more negative wave amplitudes than AY trials.All these results suggest that volunteers tend to use proactive control processing.Conclusion The 15-days complete fasting experiment did not significantly affect the dual cognitive control function of the volunteers,suggesting that the volunteers also had sufficient cognitive resources to perform cognitive control during the 15-days complete fasting state.This helps to understand further the relationship between long-term fasting and the processing mode of dual cognitive control and provides theoretical support and reference basis for the survival and work of astronauts actively fasting during the future near-Earth planet landing or even deep space exploration.