通向刑法谦抑的当代叙事:基于程序维度的功能建构

Contemporary Narrative towards Humility in Criminal Law:a Functional Construction Based on the Dimension of Procedure

社会变迁促使犯罪样态的结构性改变,后工业社会的风险特征提升了安全需求,刑法观也从消极被动向积极能动转变,与之相应的则是由回应型刑法向预防型刑法的调整。刑法谦抑固然需要继续恪守,但也需要因应时代场景进行语境化调适。现实的治安形势催生了更浓烈处罚倾向的刑事政策需求,而且刑事政策已经渗入犯罪认定的教义学认定过程,以法益保护为导向的功能主义解释成了势不可挡的潮流。基于刑法谦抑所面临的时代挑战,亟需在巩固传统刑事实体法路径的同时,也应重视基于程序维度实现刑法谦抑的路径建构。首先,需要明确一种妥适的刑法价值立场,具体需要处理好三组命题:刑法观的现代转向与古典坚守、保障机能与促进机能的兼顾、保守与激进之间的平衡;其次,对于已获入罪解释结论的行为,还应当从刑事程序层面发挥犯罪的过滤作用,主要从四个方面发挥效能:证据标准的从严把握、酌定不起诉的充分运用、附条件不起诉范围的适度扩大、争议案件社会听证的制度化运行。鉴于刑法解释出罪功能存在极限,故应当重视程序路径对于保障刑事正义的功用。只有前端的刑法解释方法与后端程序法通道的衔接配合,才能最大限度保障刑法谦抑。

Social change has led to structural changes in crime patterns,and the risk characteristics of post industrial society have increased the demand for safety.The criminal law view has also shifted from passive to active,and correspondingly,there has been an adjustment from responsive criminal law to preventive criminal law.Although it is necessary to continue to abide by the restraint of criminal law,it also needs to be adapted to the context of the times.The current security situation has given rise to a stronger demand for criminal policies with a stronger tendency towards punishment,and criminal policies have infiltrated the doctrinal process of crime determination.The functionalist interpretation guided by the protection of legal interests has become an unstoppable trend.Based on the challenges faced by the era of criminal law restraint,it is urgent to strengthen the traditional path of criminal substantive law while emphasizing the construction of a path based on procedural dimensions to achieve criminal law restraint.Firstly,it is necessary to clarify an appropriate position on the value of criminal law,which requires handling three sets of propositions:balancing the modern turn of criminal law with classical adherence,balancing the functions of protection and promotion,and striking a balance between conservatism and radicalism.Secondly,for behaviors that have already been convicted and interpreted,the filtering effect of the crime should also be exerted from the perspective of criminal procedure,which mainly plays an effective role in four aspects:strict grasp of evidence standards,full use of discretionary non prosecution,moderate expansion of the scope of conditional non prosecution,and institutionalized operation of social hearings for controversial cases.Given the limited function of criminal law interpretation in determining crimes,it is important to pay attention to the role of procedural pathways in safeguarding criminal justice.Only by coordinating the front-end criminal law interpretation methods with the back-end procedural legal channels can we maximize the protection of criminal law modesty.