俄罗斯民法典编纂理论基础的历史考察

A Historical Study of the Theoretical Basis forthe Compilation of the Russian Civil Code

俄罗斯历史上曾制定三部民法典,即1922年和1964年的两部《苏俄民法典》和1994—2006年的《俄罗斯联邦民法典》。公私法划分理论、民法经济法论争和民法调整对象理论乃是制定上述法典的理论基础。俄罗斯传统上属于大陆法系国家,曾深受大陆法国家民法理论和立法实践的影响。但俄罗斯民法学者并不满足于追随欧陆法传统亦步亦趋,总尝试有所突破和超越。十月社会主义革命为这种突破和超越奠定了制度基础,于是,传统上属于私法的民法具有了公法性,属于公法的经济法大行其道,民法对象理论兴盛一时。但是,随着苏联的解体和国家基本经济制度的转向,私法复兴,经济法理论销声匿迹,民法对象理论则进一步得到发展。这对曾深受苏维埃法影响的我国民法理论和民事立法实践具有重要的启示意义。

Throughout Russian history,three civil codes have been formulated:the 1922 and 1964 Soviet Civil Codes and the 1994-2006 Russian Federation Civil Code.The theory of the division of public and private law,the debate on civil law and economic law,and the theory of civil law objects are the theoretical foundations for the formulation of these codes. Traditionallya civil law country, Russia has been heavilyinfluenced by the civil law theories and legislativepractices of other civil law countries.However, Russian civil law scholars have consistentlysought to go beyond merely followingEuropean legal traditions. The October SocialistRevolution provided the institutional frameworkfor such breakthroughs. Consequently,civil law, which traditionally belonged to privatelaw, gained a public law dimension, whileeconomic law, a public law, became prominent.The theory of civil law objects also flourishedduring this period. However, with the dissolutionof the Soviet Union and the subsequentshift in the country's basic economic system,private law experienced a revival, economiclaw theory waned, and the theory of civil lawobjects further developed. This evolution offerssignificant insights for China's civil law theoryandlegislativepractice.