公路施工项目造价管理中的商务策划分析

Analysis of business planning in costmanagement of highway construction project

公路项目路线长,途经乡镇众多,征地拆迁难、工程规模大、组织难度极大。通常来说,在项目中标后,施工单位需要根据招投标文件、答疑澄清材料、合同谈判纪要、承诺书、承包合同协议书等合同文件,以及本企业的施工经验与水平,对项目成本目标、资金计划、人材机等资源、变更等内容制定项目实施阶段商务管理规划大纲,作为指导项目商务管理工作的纲领性文件。这一过程需梳理并确定承包范围、工作内容及工作界面,并对投标预算进行分类细化,找出可能有争议或界定不清楚的合同条款;然后进行成本分析,找出合同中的主要盈亏点;再根据策划人员结合合同收入与成本分析,对项目存在的风险点进行多元化评估。施工过程中常常由于拆迁滞后、设计变更等因素影响进度,导致有效工期被压缩,施工组织方案发生变化,施工组织难度与成本投入陡增,成本效益不容乐观。因此,全过程造价管理中商务策划和管理工作显得尤为重要。如何利用好合同规则进行合理变更索赔,如何看待“危”中有“机”,如何将项目的“危”转换为“机”,是值得探讨的关键点。本文以在建X高速公路为依托,通过分析合同条款对工程造价的影响、施工组织对工程造价的影响、施工管理过程对工程造价的影响,探讨全过程造价管理中的商务策划,以期为类似工程提供参考。

Highway projects typically cover long distances,pass through numerous towns,and face challenges such as land acquisition and demolition difficulties,large-scale construction,and complex project organization.Generally,after a project is awarded,the construction unit must develop a business management plan outline for the project implementation phase.This outline,based on contract documents such as bidding documents,clarification materials,meeting minutes from contract negotiations,letters of commitment,and contract agreements,as well as the company’s own construction experience and capabilities,serves as the guiding document for project business management.This process involves clarifying and determining the scope of the contract,the work content,and interfaces,and categorizing and refining the bid budget.It also identifies potentially contentious or unclear contract terms,followed by a cost analysis to identify the main profit and loss points within the contract.Based on this,planners perform a diversified assessment of the project’s risk points by combining contract revenue and cost analyses.During construction,factors such as delayed demolition and design changes often affect progress,leading to compressed effective construction periods,changes in the construction organization plan,increased organizational difficulty,and significantly higher cost inputs.As a result,cost-efficiency becomes a serious concern.Therefore,business planning and management throughout the entire cost management process are crucial.Key points worth exploring include how to utilize contract provisions for reasonable change claims and how to turn project risks into opportunities.This paper,based on the ongoing construction of X Highway,analyzes the impact of contract clauses,construction organization,and construction management on project costs.It aims to explore business planning in the entire cost management process to provide valuable references for similar projects.