东魏北齐时期画像空心砖研究

A Study on Hollow Bricks with Images from the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Periods

近年来在邺城、晋阳地区的遗址发掘中出土了不少东魏北齐时期的画像空心砖残块。按砖体形状可分为扁平长方体空心砖和方筒长方体空心砖两类,各类尺寸规格略有差异。通过对邺城地区出土空心砖实物的微痕观察,可推断其制作工艺和模印程序。一是以凹槽贴合法作空心砖坯;二是模印画像时采用小模压印法,印模为木质,以阴刻、阳刻加阴线、浅浮雕等多种技法雕刻而成;三是模印过程中主要遵循先边框纹饰后主体纹饰的次序,部分印有莲花纹的方筒空心砖通过调整模印次序和压印力度形成“后天复合纹”。在此基础上,对各类空心砖的纹饰组合进行复原。邺城、晋阳地区出土的东魏北齐画像空心砖呈现出高度的相似性同时又各具特色。结合文献记载可知这些画像空心砖集中生产于东魏初年和北齐初年,扁平长方体画像空心砖主要用于高等级建筑殿前踏步,而方筒长方体画像空心砖则可能用作栏杆的望柱。

In recent excavations of sites in the Ye City and Jinyang regions,several fragments of hollow bricks featuring images from the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi periods have been uncovered.These bricks can be categorized into two types based on their shapes:flat rectangular hollow bricks and cylindrical hollow bricks,with slight variations in their dimensions.Microscopic observations of the hollow bricks excavated from the Ye City area suggest insights into their manufacturing techniques and imprinting processes.First,the hollow brick blanks were created using a groove adhesion method.Second,during the imprinting of images,a small mold pressing technique was employed,using wooden molds carved with various methods,including intaglio,relief,and incised lines.Third,the imprinting process generally followed a sequence of applying the border decorations first,followed by the main motifs;some cylindrical hollow bricks with lotus designs exhibited a"post-composite pattern"through adjustments in the imprinting order and pressure.Building on this foundation,the decorative combinations of the various hollow bricks have been reconstructed.The hollow bricks from the Ye City and Jinyang regions display a high degree of similarity while also showcasing unique characteristics.Historical records indicate that these image-embossed hollow bricks were produced primarily in the early years of the Eastern Wei and Northern Qi.The flat rectangular image hollow bricks were mainly used for steps in high-status buildings,while the cylindrical hollow bricks likely served as posts for railings.