非编码遗传资源在作物重要农艺性状调控中的研究进展

Research Progress on the Regulation of Important Agronomic Traits in Crops by Non-coding Genetic Resources

在传统作物遗传研究中,蛋白质编码基因一直是研究的焦点。然而,近年来的科学进展揭示了非编码遗传资源在调控作物产量、品质和抗性等重要农艺性状中的关键作用。这些非编码遗传资源包括调控性非编码RNA、组成性非编码RNA、基因非编码区序列、核酸适配体以及由非编码序列衍生的小肽,它们在基因表达调控、细胞代谢、基因组稳定性以及生物技术应用中发挥着至关重要的作用。高通量测序技术、生物信息学和功能基因组学的快速发展,为非编码遗传资源的系统发掘和功能研究提供了技术支撑。在作物育种领域,非编码遗传资源的精准调控特性为提升农艺性状提供了全新手段,突破了传统编码基因研究的局限性。相关研究不仅揭示了非编码序列在作物复杂性状调控中的多样化功能与精细调控机制,也展现出巨大的应用潜力。该文综合评述非编码遗传资源在作物农艺性状调控中的研究进展,系统梳理这些非编码元件的分类、起源与演化背景,详细讨论其在调控作物重要农艺性状中的作用机制和调控网络,最后探讨非编码遗传资源在作物育种中的应用潜力,并对其在未来遗传改良中的发展方向提出展望。通过系统地总结现有研究成果,可为未来研究提供坚实的理论基础,并促进非编码遗传资源在作物遗传改良中的创新应用。

In traditional crop genetics research,protein-coding genes have always been the primary focus.However,recent scientific advances have revealed the critical role of non-coding genetic resources in regulating key agronomic traits such as crop yield,quality,and resistance.These non-coding genetic resources include regulatory non-coding RNAs,constitutive noncoding RNAs,non-coding regions of genes,nucleic acid aptamers,and small peptides derived from non-coding sequences.They play crucial roles in gene expression regulation,cellular metabolism,genome stability,and biotechnological applications.The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies,bioinformatics,and functional genomics has provided technical support for the systematic discovery and functional study of these non-coding genetic resources.In the field of crop breeding,the precise regulatory features of non-coding genetic elements offer new strategies for improving agronomic traits,surpassing the limitations of traditional protein-coding gene research.These studies not only reveal the diverse functions and refined regulatory mechanisms of non-coding sequences in controlling complex crop traits but also demonstrate immense application potential.This paper comprehensively reviews the progress in research on non-coding genetic resources in regulating agronomic traits,systematically categorizing these elements and examining their origins and evolutionary background.It discusses in detail the regulatory mechanisms and networks through which these non-coding elements influence critical agronomic traits in crops.Finally,the article explores the potential applications of non-coding genetic resources in crop breeding and presents future directions for their development in genetic improvement.By systematically summarizing current research findings,this review aims to provide a solid theoretical foundation for future studies and promote the innovative application of non-coding genetic resources in crop genetic improvement.