月球背面无人自动采样返回任务分析与要点设计

Analysis and key design of lunar far-side robotic sampling and return misson

嫦娥六号任务是实现人类首次月球背面采样返回的任务。针对月球背面整体地形崎岖、可选平坦采样区少的特点,通过开展采样区选址分析,选取了南极艾特肯盆地阿波罗坑内的主、备两块着陆区,确保月背安全可靠着陆、起飞和月面工作;针对嫦娥六号在产品技术状态基本确定情况下实现新的任务目标,需要开展系统方案优化设计,减少系统的改动量,规避过多技术状态更改带来的工程实现风险,通过开展方案比较确定了逆行环月轨道飞行方案,在保证实现任务目标的前提下实现了系统更少的更改;针对嫦娥六号中继测控时长相对嫦娥五号减少且不连续的特点,提出了分阶段、多自主、中继联合协同的月面工作时序设计方案,确保着陆、起飞和月面工作可靠、高效实施;针对载荷搭载需求,提出了以数据处理单元作为核心的系统设计方案,确保系统信息接口、电气接口的安全性,并对不同载荷设计了定制式探测模式,在保证不影响主任务完成的前提下,实现探测收益的最大化。以上方法已经在嫦娥六号任务中得到了工程应用,确保了人类首次月球背面无人自动采样返回任务的圆满成功,并可为后续月球及深空探测任务提供有益的参考。

The Chang′e-6 lunar probe is designed to achieve the first robotic sampling and return mission from the far side of the Moon.Lunar far side is overall of rugged terrain and is lack of flat area for sampling on the surface.Two areas in Apollo basin within south pole Atiken basin(SPA)are selected as primary and backup targeted landing sites,the safety and reliability of landing,lift-off and surface operation process are ensured.In order to achieve new mission objectives based on fundamentally determined technical status,an optimal system design solution is put forward to reduce system changes.The risks associated with alterations of technical status are avoided.Through comparative analysis,a retrograde orbit around the Moon is determined,ensuring minimal system modifications and optimal system design.In consideration of the reduced and discontinuous duration of relay telemetry and control on the far side of the Moon for Chang′e-6,a phased,highly autonomous,and cooperative relay-assisted lunar surface operation timeline design is proposed to ensure the implementation during landing,lift-off and surface operation process.For payload carried by Chang′e-6,a system design is proposed by using data processing units as the central exchange hub to ensure electrical interface safety isolation;customized detection modes are also developed for different payloads to maximize detection benefits without affecting the completion of the main mission.These methods are applied in the Chang′e-6 mission,ensuring the success of the world′s first robotic sampling and return mission from the far side of the Moon,valuable reference and experience are provided for follow-up lunar exploration and deep space exploration missions.