苏共二十大、非斯大林化及其对中苏关系的影响——根据俄国最近披露的档案文献

The Soviet Party's Twentieth Congress,De-stalinization,and Their Impacts on Sino-Soviet Relations:A Study Based on Recently Declassified Russian Archives

苏共二十大确实从国际、国内和党内三个方面提出了一系列非斯大林化的方针,尽管程度有所不同。二十大路线及其产生的过程告诉人们:苏共二十大提出的问题,绝不是某个人的突发奇想,而是时代前进的体现,社会发展的要求,人民生活的需要。对于斯大林的批判,就其根本目的而言,并不是个人或小集团谋求权力的工具,而是要以此为铺垫改变斯大林的某些政策和做法,这是苏共中央集体的决定。对于二十大的路线,中共中央最初是完全赞同的。对于批判斯大林的个人崇拜,毛泽东在内心是满意的,只是不同意在一般意义上否定个人崇拜。毛泽东在《论十大关系》中的论述与苏联的改革措施及二十大的总结报告相比较,没有更多的新东西。中共认为需要引为借鉴的也是斯大林模式的弊病,而这正是苏联新领导人已经考虑并在二十大正式提出的问题。

The Soviet Party's 20^(th)Congress introduced a series of De-Stalinization policies-although in different degrees-on international,domestic and inner-party issues.The'20^(th)-Congress Line'and its making demonstrate that the issues raised by the Congress were by no means the result of the sudden initiatives by any individual but were,rather,indication of history's advance,as well as reflection of the requirement of the Soviet society and the needs of the Soviet people.The criticism of Stalin,in the final analysis,was not for the pursuit of any individual's or small clique's specific interests,but was for taking this as a point of departure to change Stalin's policies. This was a collective decision by the Soviet Partys central leadership.At one point the CCP leadership completely favored the'20^(th)-Congress Line.'Mao Zedong was satis- fied with the criticism of Stalin's personality cult from the bottom of his heart, although he disagreed with the practice of completely negating personality cult in a more general sense.Mao's discussions in'On Ten Relationships'offered almost noth- ing new compared with the reform measures already taken by the Soviet leadership and the conclusions reached at the 20^(th)Congress.What the CCP believed to be the flaws of the'Stalin model'were exactly what the new Soviet leadership had already formally revealed and criticized at the 20^(th)Congress.