短道速滑奥运冠军武大靖500 m入弯道技战术的运动学分析

Kinematics Analysis on the Curve Technique of Short Track Speed Skating Olympic Champion Wu Dajing in 500 m

弯道技战术是短道速滑的最重要的动作之一,在全过程比赛中起着至关重要的作用。优秀短道速滑运动员的单圈平均滑行速度在13 m/s以上,且弯道平均速度均要大于直道。良好的弯道技战术是提高运动员成绩的关键因素。入弯道技战术是直道与弯道行进的衔接,与直道技术相比,因为要克服人体向前做直线运动的惯性——离心力,入弯道技战术具有明显的特点。因此,为了对短道速滑入弯道技战术有更深刻的了解,我们在2017/18国际滑联短道速滑世界杯上海站的比赛现场对男子500 m决赛进行定点定机拍摄,运用三维录像解析系统对该场比赛冠军武大靖弯道技战术进行录像解析,以期深入研究短道速滑弯道滑行动作技战术特点,研究结果表明:(1)运动员在弯道滑行过程中并未紧贴赛道,而是采取大于场地半径的滑行方式,武大靖的入弯半径为11.41 m,因此实际滑行距离要大于比赛规定距离;(2)在进入弯道后运动员身体必须内倾,武大靖在内倾角为39.85°时借助戴有防护手套的左手触摸冰面,借此增大人体稳定性并保持身体平衡,最小内倾角为25.84°,说明他有良好的身体内倾及平衡能力;(3)武大靖左右腿的交替蹬冰使得躯干角有小幅度变化,与优秀女子短道速滑运动员相比武大靖躯干角较为合理,因其在比赛中一直处于领滑状态,适当降低躯干是减小空气阻力、节约体能消耗的有效方法;(4)腿着冰时刻武大靖髋关节角度较小(躯干角较小);弯道滑行的双支撑阶段速度增加,单支撑阶段速度降低,与国内外优秀运动员滑行模式相符;(5)武大靖最小蹬冰角度出现在单支撑阶段结束时刻,进入双支撑阶段后支撑腿的蹬冰角增大;入弯道至弧顶重心高度不断下降;双支撑阶段的时间小于单支撑阶段的时间,右单支撑阶段用时长于左单支撑阶段。

The curve technique is one of the most important movements of the short track speed skating technique and plays a vital role in the whole process of the competition and can improve the athletes’performance.The average speed of an excellent short track speed skaters is above 13 m/s and the speed in the curve is greater than the straight.Compared with the straight technology,the curve technology has to overcome the inertia of the human body,therefore,in order to has a better understanding of the technical and tactics of the curve,we analysis the competition of Wu Dajing at the 2017/18 ISU World Cup Short Track(Shanghai),the results show that:(1)During the curve the athlete did not gliding close to the track,but take the sliding mode of the big turning radius,Wu Dajing’s radius is 11.41 m,so the actual sliding distance is greater than the specified distance of the game;(2)After entering the curve,the athlete’s body must be introverted,when the internal inclination angle is 39.85°,Wu Dajing’s left hand touched the ice surface,thereby increase the stability of the human body and maintain the balance of the body.The minimum introversion angle is 25.84°,indicating that he has good ability of body tilt and balance;(3)The alternating of pedal ice of the left and right legs makes the torso angle change slightly,compared with the excellent female short track speed skater,Wu Dajing’s torso angle is more reasonable.Because he always be the leader in the competition,to has the proper reduction of the trunk is needed to reduce the air and it’s an effective method to save physical energy;(4)Wu Dajing’s hip joint angle is small at the time of touch ice(the torso angle is small),and the air resistance is reduced.The double support phase is the acceleration phase,while the single support phase is the deceleration phase,which is consistent with the excellent athletes’sliding mode at home and abroad;(5)Wu Dajing’s minimum ice angle appears at the end of the single support phase;the height of the center of gravity from the curve to the top of the arc is continuously decreasing;the time of the double support phase is less than the time of the single support phase,and the right single support phase is longer than the left single support phase.