动态思维进路下的预约规范适用构造论

The Analysis of the Application of Precontract under the Thinking Process of Dynamic System

2023年12月颁布的《合同通则解释》对预约认定及违约损害赔偿等规则进一步细化,预约的评价方法从“要件—效果”转变为综合因素考察,其判定灵活化的特征标志预约动态评价思维的初步形成。然而,司法解释囿于对预约认定的内部层次化的忽视和既有判定因素的单一简略,未能实现从动态评价思维到动态评价范式构建的演进,缺乏原则性示例的评价指引暴露了现下构造技术对动态体系论的“消化不良”。为破此困境,亟需对判定因素予以抽象化要素提炼,打造以效力约束度、内容完备度、合意期待度、信赖紧密度等要素组成的完整协动链,最终借由要素作用力形成预约动态体系的原则性示例,在其认定、违约救济及损失赔偿额酌定判断上为裁判说理提供精细化塑构,使之更契合司法实务的需求。

In December 2023,the Interpretation of the General Principles of Contract further refined the rules for the identification of Precontracts and compensation for damages for breach of contract,changed the evaluation method of the Precontract system from“elements-effects”to comprehensive factor investigation,and formed the preliminary thinking of dynamic evaluation of Precontracts,which is a characteristic sign of determining flexibility.Unfortunately,due to the neglect of the internal hierarchy of Precontract determination and the simplicity of existing judgment factors,judicial interpretation fails to realize the evolution from dynamic evaluation thinking to the construction of dynamic evaluation paradigm.The lack of principled example evaluation guidelines exposes the“indigestion”of the current construction technology to the dynamic system theory.In order to solve this dilemma,it is urgent to extract the abstract elements of the decision factors,and create a complete co-dynamic chain composed of the factors such as the degree of effectiveness constraint,the degree of content completeness,the degree of agreed-upon expectation,and the degree of trust tightness.Finally,the principle example of the reservation dynamic system is formed by the force of factors,and the fine construction of the judgment reasoning is provided in its identification,breach of contract relief and discretionary judgment of the amount of loss compensation.Make it more in line with the needs of judicial practice.