历史的精神、资本主义现代性的四重形式及其巴洛克气质——B.埃切维里亚对美洲批判理论的贡献

Historical Ethos,Quadruple Ethos of the Capitalist Modernity and Baroque Ethos——Contributions of B.Echeverría for A Critical Theory from the Americas

墨西哥学者玻利瓦尔·埃切维里亚(1941—2010)是拉美马克思主义的主要代表人物之一,他长期致力于美洲批判理论的构建和拉美马克思主义的发展。本文旨在解读他的核心概念“历史的精神”及其相关理论。埃切维里亚认为,资本主义现代性精神气质有四种形式,即:现实主义气质、浪漫主义气质、古典气质和巴洛克气质,并特别关注后者。在埃切维里亚看来,拉丁美洲特殊的历史背景造就了当地资本主义现代性的巴洛克气质。这种精神气质建立于拉美社会的经济结构基础之上,植根于生产和消费使用价值的基本形态中,是整个社会符号系统的基础。巴洛克气质的重要特征是文化混血,在拉丁美洲存在着一种较为模糊的共存方式,以及随之而来的不发达的交往行为。与哈贝马斯等人对不发达交往行为的观点不同,埃切维里亚认为巴洛克气质无视殖民主义及其资本主义后果,具有通过鼓励与他者的和谐共处为模糊这些界限和限制提供了可能性,能够将误解作为一种交往方式重新功能化,允许和平共处,因此,它在现实主义气质失败的地方却获得了成功。

Bolivar Echeverria(1941-2010),a Mexican scholar,is one of the main representatives of Latin American Marxism.He has been committed to the construction of the critical theory of Latin American Marxism for a long time.This paper aims to interpret his core concept"historical ethos"and its related theories.Echeverria divided the historical ethos of capitalist modernity into four types,namely,the realist ethos,the romantic ethos,the classic ethos,and the baroque ethos.He paid special attention to the baroque ethos.In his opinion,the special historical background has created the baroque ethos of capitalism modernity in Latin America,which is based on the real economic structure of Latin American society,rooted in the basic form of production and use value,even the basis of the whole social symbol system.The important feature of baroque ethos is the cultural mestizaje,which exists in Latin America in a vague way of co-existence,and the subsequent underdeveloped communication behavior.In contrast to view of underdeveloped communication of Habermas,Echeverria believes that the baroque ethos refunctionalizes misunderstanding as a form of communication and allows for peaceful coexistence,and thus succeeds where the realist ethos fails.