三跪九叩与五拜三叩:清朝与安南的礼仪之争

Dispute over Protocol between the Qing Dynasty and Annam: ‘Wu Bai San Kou’ or ‘San Gui Jiu Kou’

清朝定鼎中原后,以三跪九叩的拜天之礼取代了明朝的五拜三叩之礼,这一礼仪也适用于朝贡之国与清朝的礼仪。已习惯了五拜三叩的安南从此与清朝进行了长达百年的礼仪之争。其间清朝使臣出使安南时,对此礼仪之争采取了并不一致的态度。引起双方关注的主要有杭奕禄使团和德保使团,杭奕禄使团与安南的争执使安南专门就礼仪之争问题向清廷上了奏章,德保使团的争执使双方最终解决了礼仪之争。

After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the rite of ‘San Gui Jiu Kou’(Three Genuflects with Nine Kowtows) replaced the Ming Dynasty’s rite of ‘Wu Bai San Kou’ (Five Bows with Three Kowtows), and also applied to the diplomatic protocol between tributary states and the Qing Dynasty. Henceforth, Annam which was used to the rite of ‘wu bai san kou’ disputed with the Qing Dynasty over the protocal for one hundred years. The Qing Dynasty dispatched several diplomatic missions such as Hang Yi Lu mission and De Bao mission to Annam to deal with the ritual disputes. At last, the De Bao mission succeeded in solving the disputes.