道咸“新学”与清代学术史研究——《论中国近三百年学术史》导读

"New Learning" in Daoguang and Xianfeng Period and Studies on the History of Learning in Qing Dynasty: An Introduction to On China's History of Learning in Recent 300 Years

王国维曾以清初、乾嘉、与道咸三点将清代学术分成三个阶段,并以“务为前人所不为”来体现“道咸以后之学新”的特色。晚清学风的明显转变影响到后来清代学术史的研究,在相当长的时间里,这一领域里影响最大的是梁启超、钱穆的同名著作《中国近三百年学术史》。两书基本不出道咸“新学”之大范围,而乾嘉汉学一线的观念反受到忽视,致使我们对近三百年“学术”的认知多少有些偏颇。今日要对近三百年学术进行相对均衡的系统整理,应把清代汉学一脉的章太炎、刘师培等人关于清学的论述汇聚而表出,使之与梁、钱二著并列而为清代学术史领域的主要参考书。

Wang Guowei once divided scholarship in Qing Dynasty into three stages based on the chronological order of early Qing, Qianlong and Jiaqing time , Daoguang and Xianfeng period. He emphasized that the characteristic of the ＂ new learning afterDaoguang and Xianfeng ＂ was embodied in its ＂ devotion to achieve what the predecessors refused to perform. ＂ Evidently changed scholarship in late Oing period affects later studies on the history of learning of Oing Dynasty. In a long period of time, the most influential books in this field were done by Liao Qichao and Qian Mu bearing the same title China＇s Hi,story of Learning in Recent 300 Years. Both books are within the scope of the ＂ new learning＂ ofDaoguang andXianfeng time while neglecting the ideas of the Han school of classical philology in Qianlong and Jiaqing time with the result that our acquaintance with and cognition of the ＂ scholarship＂ of the recent 300 years are rather partial. To systematically clarify and arrange the scholarship of recent 300 years more proportionately and reasonably, we should well collect and emphatically publicize the ideas and statements in the works of Zhang Taiyan, Liu Shipei and other scholars in the line of the Han school of classical philology in Qing Dynasty so that to parallel them with the books of I.iang Qichao and Qian Mu as the main reference in the field of research on the history of learning in Oing Dynasty.