美国大学“共治”的两难处境及发展趋势

On the dilemma of shared governance in American HEIs and countermeasures

大学"共治"是20世纪60年代以来指导美国大学内部权力分配的重要理念与实践原则,但近年来大学"共治"对不断产生的新问题的回应不力而受到各方的质疑与责难。对此,美国联邦政府、各州政府和大学采取了促进政府与大学融合、通过立法确定大学的多重使命、建立大学与州政府的伙伴关系、重视大学的市场性行为、组建大学生组织以扩大大学"共治"的参与面等应对措施。因此,美国大学"共治"呈现出以下趋势:政府管制逐渐弱化,形式更加多样,外部影响因素不断增加,教职参与性不断降低,参与人员各司其职等。

Since the 1960s shared governance in American HEIs has become a key theoretical and practical principle to direct power distribution. However, shared governance in HEIs is confronted with skepticism and rebuke from all sides due to weak response to continuously arising problems. American Federal Government, state governments and HEIs are looking for new countermeasures, such as hastening integration between governments and HEIs; ascertaining multiple missions of HEIs by law; establishing partnership between governments and HEIs; attching great importance to those market-oriented behaviours in a given university or college; founding university or college student organizations; expanding the scope of shared governance in universities or colleges. Therefore, shared governance in US universities or colleges display the following trends： weakening gradually governmental regulation; presenting various forms; external influencing factors being incrased; participation of faculty being lowered; dividing the work of members of shared governance.