北京老城商业空间演替过程研究——以1996年到2006年内城南北剖线变化为例

Commercial Space Succession in Old City of Beijing Case of Survey Line of Inner City in Beijing from 1996 to 2006

城市商业空间变化是城市经济地理学研究的主要内容之一。随着城市的发展,其老城不再是城市唯一的商业区和商务区布局地。在唯一性地位丧失后,老城的商业空间特性将发生变化。本研究选择北京老城的一条南北剖线进行实地调查和历史资料整理。结果显示,1996到2006年的10年间,商业中心地空间格局发生了演替,同时出现了专门化的商业区。本研究以中心地理论、柔性专门化概念和中心城市演变理论来分析商业空间演替原因。本研究在前人研究基础上,探索用"职能数"划分商业区等级,用同类店的"线密度"划分专门化商业区。本研究的另一探索是用野外景观调查法弥补文献资料的不足。①北京老城商业空间的演替可以从商业中心地的覆盖范围变化来分析。自1996到2006年,调查剖线上二等商业中心地的覆盖范围减小,连续的专门化商业区出现。②剖线上中心地格局变化的原因主要是交通的发展。③柔性专门化布局趋势促使调查线上专门化商业区的出现。城市扩展,城市边缘新型商业业态与老城商业业态的竞争,导致高档专门化商业区向高级商业中心地的靠拢,也顺应了老城高级中心地职能提升的需要。由于数据资料的原因,仅取南北纵向的街面上的店为分析对象。由于未获得各业种在北京城市的分布状况,因此只能绘出剖线附近的中心地等级变化,目前的结论尚不能推断老城其他地区商业空间演替的情况。

The change of urban commercial area is one of the most important study topics of urban economic geography. With the development of a city, the old city is no longer the only area that works as commercial and business districts. The loss of uniqueness of the old city will lead to a series of changes of the commerce in the old city, including the changes of commercial space. This paper takes a north-south line from Jishuitan to Xuanwumen in the old city of Beijing as a survey transect, makes field investigation and orders the historical data, and try to find the trend of the hierarchical structure changes of commercial space in the old city of Beijing in the decade between 1996 and 2006, and finds that some specialized commercial centers appear at the same time. This study uses the Central Place Theory, the concepts of Flexible Specialization and the Central City Evolution Theory as the main theories for the analysis of the reasons of commercial space succession, and takes transact research and the method of landscape records as the main methods of data acquiring. Apart from borrowing methods from other researchers, this paper tries to use the index of ＂function number＂ for measuring the grade of commercial areas, and use the index of ＂lineal density＂ for measuring the degree of specialization of commercial areas. Two months fieldwork helps giving the location of each enterprise in statistic data exactly, and explores to make up for the defect of data from historical document. The conclusions of this paper are ： 1 ） the succession of commercial space in the old city of Beijing can be analyzed from the change of the coverage of commercial centers. In the decade between 1996 and 2006, the coverage of the second grade of commercial centers gets smaller; some seriate specialized commercial centers emerges; 2） the main reason of the change of the central place pattern and the coverage decrease of the second grade of commercial centers is the transportation development of the north - south traffic line; 3） spatial flexible specialization motivates the appearance of specialized commercial centers in the survey transect. The urban expansion expands the difference between the type of commerce in the central city and on the periphery; the competition between the new commercial forms at the urban edge and in the old city gets intensive. Therefore the specialized commercial areas with luxury goods draw close to the high -grade commercial center. The appearance of specialized commercial centers is also in conformance with the need of the upgrade of the central place functions. Two shortcomings of this paper are ： 1 ） only the shops and stores along the north -south street are concerned, and that near the crosses are not concerned, which are along the east -west streets ; 2） because of the lack of the commercial enterprises distribution in the whole city of Beijing, only the hierarchical change in the transect can be described, and the conclusion now can not infer the succession in other parts of the old city.