公民基本权利野视下国家义务的边界

The Demarcation of the Scope of State Obligation:From the Angle of Fundamental Rights

国家义务直接来源于公民基本权利,是公民基本权利的根本保障。然而国家义务并不是绝对的,国家义务以国家权力为运行动力,过度强调国家义务将导致自由丧失殆尽,强调基本权利研究范式转变的同时必须研究国家义务边界。从国家层面看,国家理性和国家能力决定了国家义务所能达到的最大场域;从基本权利层面看,公民基本权利的保护范围和公民基本权利的功能是对国家义务的边界进一步的具体化;从具体法律原则层面看,法律保留原则、比例原则、程序正义原则与公共利益原则决定着国家的实然义务边界。然而,确定国家义务边界并非一蹴而就的事情,还需注意国家义务边界是开放的而非封闭的,确定国家义务边界的各种机制应有共同的目标模式,国家保障基本权利应适时。

State obligation originates from fundamental rights and is held as the latter＇ s basic protection. However, with state power as dynamism, state obligation is by no means absolute, and overemphasizing it may dissipate freedom and liberty. As such, while stressing the diagram turn of study of fundamental rights, the scope of state obligation must be studied. Viewing from the state stratum, one can see that it is the state rationale and state capacity that determine the ambit of state obligation while from the stratum of fundamental rights, one can find that the boundary of state obligation is further defined with a view to the protection and function of fundamental rights. Moreover, principles such as legal reservation principle, proportionate principle, the due process and the public interest principle also contribute to determination of the factual boundary of state obliga- tion. However, demarcating the boundary of state obligation is never easy or simple, issues such as whether the boundary is open or close, whether there is a common purpose for all mechanisms concerning with the demarcation, or whether the protection of fundamental rights rendered by state is appropriate should be all cared about.