区域型分布式冷热电联供能源系统的规划设计

The Planning Design for Regional DES/CCHP Energy System

分布式冷热电联供能源系统(DES/CCHP)在经济效益、能效、碳减排三方面都是比较好的组合方案,因而必将成为我国工业和商住能源终端供应保障的主要模式,而中国必须从自身国情出发,在"楼宇型"和"区域型"两种DES类型中做出选择。中国目前正处于快速实现工业化和城市化的中期,未来将集中建设一大批新工业园区和新城区;居民主要集中居住于住宅小区内;城市规划多半是将工业和商住集成布置;与发达国家同时进入智能电网时代,且由于DES技术的长足进步,中国能够发挥"后发优势"。鉴于上述基本国情,中国应及时规划建设一大批"区域型"DES/CCHP项目。DES/CCHP可实现"高能高用,低能低用,温度对口,梯级利用"的科学用能,效率可达80%以上。中国特色的区域型DES/CCHP的基本模式包括:挖掘发电用天然气提高能效的潜力、向居民供应热水、热泵+电站废热供暖、区域供冷(DCS)与天然气DES相结合。以往"以热定电"的原则已不再适用,应改为"以电为龙头"。适合于中国区域型DES/CCHP的基本模式和经济输送距离,能够把工业和商住用能集成在一起,实现冷、热、电、汽联供的区域面积大致在10km2的量级,相应的DES机组规模可分为4类。推广发展区域型DES/CCHP,地方政府、各大电力集团及地方电力能源企业、国营电网公司、国有大型石油公司都有合作共赢的机会,同时也必须承担相应的责任。

The Distributed Energy System and Combined Cold Heat and Power Generation（DES/CCHP） is a good combination in terms of economics,energy efficiency and carbon emission reduction and will thus surely become the main approach to ensuring the energy supply to industrial,commercial and residential energy users in China.China must select between two DES types based on its national specifics-building-type and regional-type.China is now in the intermediate stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization and will build a host of new industrial parks and residential communities in an intensive manner in the future.Most residents will live in apartment blocks.Most urban plans have integrated planning for the industrial,commercial and residential sectors.China has entered the ＂smart grid＂ era alongside of developed countries and benefiting from the significant progress in the development of DES technology,China enjoys a newcomer advantage.Based on the above facts,China should move to plan and build a host of regional-type DES/CCHP projects.DES/CCHP can achieve the scientific use of energy characterized by ＂high energy for high level of use,low energy for low level of use,matched temperature and multi-step utilization＂ and its efficiency can exceed 80%.The basic pattern of the regional DES/CCHP with Chinese characteristics is the combination of tapping the potential of power generation-use natural gas for raising energy efficiency,hot water supply to residents,heat supply using heat pumps plus waste heat from power plants,distributed cold supply（DCS） and natural gas DES.The previous principle of pricing electricity based on heat amount is not applicable now and electricity should play the leading role now.The basic pattern of regional DES/CCHP suitable for China and the distances suitable for cost-effective transmission can integrate the energy use of industrial,commercial and residential users.The area covered by the cold,heat,electricity and steam cogeneration system should be about 10km2 and the corresponding DES sets can be divided into four groups by size.Many types of players will have an opportunity to participate in the development and application of regional DES/CCHP,including local governments,large power groups,local power and energy enterprises,state grid corporations and state-owned oil companies.They should take the corresponding responsibilities too.