从保护、尊重到给付的国家义务内涵拓展——以自由主义的发展、转向为视角

From Protection,through Respect to Paying Obligation:The State's Obligations in the Historical Perspective of Liberalism

基本权利与国家义务的对应关系体现宪法思维的自由主义传统,不同类型国家义务的产生与自由主义自身的发展密切相关。在早期自由主义者洛克尤其是霍布斯那里,国家的任务是保护自由、生命和财产,国家主要承担保护义务。古典自由主义坚持个人自由和选择的绝对性,主张最小国家,排斥对个人福利的关照,尤其注重国家的尊重义务。随着新自由主义对古典自由主义的适度修正,自由法治国向社会法治国转化,国家承担起照顾基本生存的责任,给付义务走上历史舞台。

The corresponding relationship between the fundamental rights and the state obligation embodies the liberal tradition of constitutional thinking,and the emergence of different types of state obligation is closely related to the development of liberalism.According to the early liberals like Locke,and especially Hobbes,the state＇s duty is to protect liberty,life and property,which is mainly the obligation of protection.Classical liberalism insists on the absoluteness of individual freedom and choice,advocates the minimal state,excludes consideration for individual welfare,and particularly emphasizes the state＇s obligation of respect.Neo-liberalism is a moderate correction of classical liberalism,focusing on social equity and justice.It requires the state to bear the responsibility for taking care of basic survival.Therefore,the state＇s paying obligation steps onto the stage of history.