大学生就业困难与“蚁族”的出现：一个社会政策的视角

Graduate Unemployment and the Emergence of"Ant Tribe": A Social Policy Perspective

中国大学毕业生就业困难近年来愈演愈烈,从2003年的56.3万上升到2010年的近200万。大学生就业困难甚至失业问题引起了社会广泛的关注,其中又以"蚁族"问题最为瞩目,因为它牵涉到了教育公平、户籍改革、社会流动等一系列极具争议的社会议题。"蚁族"指代的有就业困难的弱势大学生,他们的出现与劳动力市场分割的现状有着根本的联系,这个群体的长期存在则是由于这一结构现状没有发生根本改变,同时相关的就业政策又缺乏足够的回应性。建立一个公正的社会制度是长远纾解大学生就业困难的根本途径,这包括了对劳动力市场分割现状作出逐步调整,以及进一步完善回应大学生就业困难的相关社会政策。首先回顾了我国大学毕业生失业问题出现的制度背景及发展变迁,并结合劳动力市场分割理论探讨了现阶段大学生就业困难问题形成的结构性原因,继而尝试以社会政策的角度剖析"蚁族"群体出现的根本原因,指出社会政策需要在什么方面作出回应,最后通过梳理促进大学生就业的相关政策文件,讨论现行政策在回应性上的不足之处。

Graduate unemployment is becoming a controversial social issue in recent years. The number of graduates who could become jobless upon graduation has increased from around half million in 2003 to two million in 2010,in which context the concept of 'ant tribe'emerged involving issues like educational inequality,household registration system reform and social immobility. This paper reviews the institutional changes within which graduate unemployment emerged as an social issue,explore the structural reasons against which the concept of 'ant tribe'is constructed,then moves on to discuss the insufficiency of policy responses. It is argued that graduate unemployment in China has everything to do with labour market segmentation,and the emergence of'ant tribe'is to some extent a result of insufficient policy response. To address the issue properly,further reform on the current policy framework in order to make it more responsive is desperately needed.