亲缘利他的不对称性:进化视角的分析

The Asymmetric Kin Altruism:From the Perspective of Evolutionary Psychology

内含适应性理论是进化生物学和进化心理学中最重要的理论之一。该理论假设,个体的亲属是其适应性的载体,但亲属们的价值有所不同。大量研究发现,亲属的利他行为表现出不对称性,即遗传相关系数相同的亲属表现出不同的利他倾向。如祖父母对孙辈的投资中,外祖母往往投入最多,外祖父和祖母次之,祖父投入最少。研究者用内含适应性理论来解释这种亲缘利他差异,进而提出了"父亲身份不确定性"等具体的进化假设。未来研究中,国内研究者应在正确理解内含适应性理论的基础上,更多关注亲缘利他的不对称性,采用多种数据采集方法和统一的评定指标。

Inclusive fitness theory was one of the most important theories of evolutionary biology and evolutionary psychology. From the perspective of that theory, the relatives had different value of fitness. Asymmetric kin altruism had been found in several areas, for example, maternal grandmothers always invest the most to their grandsons （granddaughters）, followed by maternal grandfathers, then paternal grandmothers, with paternal grandfathers investing the least. Inclusive fitness theory and some specific evolutionary hypotheses such as paternity uncertainty hypotheses could be used to explain that phenomenon. Moreover, we described three of the most commonly recurring misunderstandings of inclusive fitness. Finally, we believed it would be better if researchers in the future could pay more attention to asymmetric kin altruism, try to define altruism behaviors with the same indicators, and collect data using different methods.