满语“locha”和“oros”的由来探析

The Origin of Locha and Oros in Manchu Language

locha,满语也写成lokcha、lochan、lucha、luchan,译为"罗刹",或者"罗叉"、"老枪"、"罗车"、"罗沙"、"罗叉"等;oros,又写成oroso,译为"鄂罗斯"、"俄罗斯""厄罗斯"、"阿罗斯"、"翰鲁思"或"兀鲁思"等。"locha"和"oros"都是对俄罗斯、俄罗斯的、俄罗斯人的称呼。"locha"一词借自于汉语,属于民间用语,在清初的官方史籍或者地方著述中时常出现。"oros"一词来源于蒙古语,官方史籍早有记载,当"俄罗斯"一词代表主权国家时,使用"oros"。

＂Locha＂, also known as ＂lokcha＂, ＂lochan＂, ＂lucha＂, and ＂luchan＂ in Manchu language, can be translated into ＂raksha＂ while ＂oros＂ and ＂oroso＂ mean ＂Russia＂ in Chinese. ＂Locha＂ and ＂oros＂ are all words to address Russia and Russian. As a kind of folk term, ＂locha＂ is borrowed from Chinese and often appeared in official historic materials and local references in early Qing Dynasty. The word ＂oros＂, derived from Mongolian language, had been recorded in official historie materials from early times that it was used to refer to a sovereign State in Manchu language.