明清北京戏剧文化的分异、整合与扩散历程

The course of differentiation, concordance and diffusion of leisure culture in Beijing during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

昆曲、弋阳腔、秦腔、徽剧、汉剧的形成都经历了本省各分区域剧种的分异到整合的过程,然后又经历了一个由本省向外传播的过程。京剧在北京的形成和发展经历了地方休闲文化的分异和整合的过程。京剧向外的传播走向系由北而南,由大城市到中小城市,再到集镇乡村。京剧这种新的都城休闲文化类型在全国范围的扩散是遵循等级扩散的规律的。从京城到次级中心城市的扩散以迁移扩散为主。京剧在次级中心城市内部的传播更多采取接触扩散和迁移扩散相结合的途径。京剧的形成是对以上五种进入北京剧坛的地方剧种进行不断整合再创造的产物。某些地方剧种如昆剧的向外扩张与区域政治、经济、风俗文化、历史人群的关系密切。

The formation of Kunqu opera, Yiyang opera, Shaanxi opera, Anhui opera and Hanchu opera all experienced the course of differentiation to concordance on the base of different local operas in their provinces, and then underwent an outward dissemination process from their provinces. The formation and development of Beijing opera in Beijing went through the course of differentiation and concordance of different local leisure cultures. The trend of outward dissemination for Beijing opera was from the North to the South, from big cities to middle-sized and small cities, then to town and countryside. As a new type of capital leisure culture, Beijing opera＇s diffusion followed the rank dissemination rule. The diffusion from the capital to the secondary center cities was mainly migration diffusion. Mostly, the dissemination of Beijing opera in these secondary center cities took the combining route of touch diffusion and migration diffusion. On the base of constant concordance and re-creation of these five local operas, Beijing opera came into being. The outward spread of some local operas, such as Kunqu opera, was closely related to politics, economy, fork culture, historical population in this area.