苗疆开辟与苗疆社会的重建——以雍乾时期黔东南土司设置为视野

The Opening and Reconstruction of Miao People Region of Southeast Guizhou Province ——Taking the Establishment of Tu - Si System as the Study Vision during Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties

康熙末年,漠西蒙古准噶尔部袭占拉萨、危害川滇,西南边疆局势岌岌可危。为巩固边防,维系湖广经黔入滇道的畅达,清廷采取了开辟黔东南苗疆"生界"之策。但在开辟过程中,由于经营未得善策,引发了黔东南苗民大起义,危害了清廷在西南的统治。面对如此之局面,清廷直接任用当地征苗有功者、或土人为土司,以代理朝廷实施间接统治,这一经营策略,由于能兼容苗疆实情与清朝的治边理念,为西南边疆的稳定发挥了积极作用。

During the late years of Emperor Kangxi, the west desert Mongolia attacked Lhasa and threatened Sichuan and Yunnan Provinces, which put the southwest border area in a dangerous situation. The government Qing Dynasty adopted to open the policy of the Miao people in southeast of Guizhou Province in order to strengthen the national defense and maintain the road smoothly from Hu and Guang to Yunnan through Guizhou Province. But in the course of the opening, the extensive revolt broke out among the local Miao people because of inappropriate policy, which impacted the rule of southwest area. Therefore, the Qing government had to appoint people who won honors during the course of subjugation or local upper classes as Tu--Si, which accorded the actual situation and controller theories played an important role in strengthening the southwest border area.