大学生可就业能力与主客观就业绩效:线性与倒U型关系

The Relationships between University Student's Employability with Subjective and Objective Job-search Performance:Liner and Invert-U Relationships

文献中关于大学生可就业能力与就业绩效的关系存在争议,本研究认为需要根据不同的就业绩效和具体的调节变量来深入分析二者之间的关系。研究1,基于预备性研究,来自全国不同地区10所大学1190份问卷的因素分析结果表明,我国大学生可就业能力包括8个因素:职业认同、乐观开朗、人际关系、团队合作、学习能力、问题解决、社会支持、网络差异;问卷具有良好的信效度。研究2,采用他评、前后间隔2周的问卷调查方法,获得不同地区高校530份有效匹配问卷,层次回归分析结果表明,大学生可就业能力与主观就业绩效呈显著正相关的线性关系,但与录用通知书(客观就业绩效)呈显著的倒U型关系;职业探索在可就业能力与录用通知书的倒U型关系中起调节作用:在职业探索高水平下二者呈倒U型关系,而在职业探索低水平下二者没有显著关系;生源地在可就业能力与主观就业绩效、录用通知书的关系中起显著的调节作用:农村大学生可就业能力与主观就业绩效呈显著正相关,而城市大学生二者相关不显著;城市大学生可就业能力与录用通知书呈显著的倒U型关系,而农村大学生二者关系不显著。这为未来探究可就业能力的价值实现机制有重要启发。

The employment issue of university students is one of the most critical questions in China. Employability of university students is a decisive factor in their employment. The focus of studies on employability has changed from individuals with disabilities to common people. However, most prior studies on Chinese university students have focused on the effect of the ability factors on employability, but neglected other important factors. The research has two studies. The first one is to explore the construct of university student’s employability model. The research methods adopted in the first study include a literature review, interview, pilot study, and survey. Based on the literature review and a pilot study, the items of university student’s employability were explored. The survey data were from 1190 university students in 10 universities of different kinds from different districts in China. The survey data were used to conduct the exploratory factor analysis （EFA）, and confirmatory factor analysis （CFA）. The results showed that employability of Chinese university students was a multi-dimensional construct, which is comprised of 8 factors： interpersonal relationship, team cooperation, learning, resolving problems, social support, network difference, optimistic and open, and career identification. USEQ （University Student’s Employability Questionnaire） had high validity and reliability. The second study is to examine the effectiveness of university student’s employability on their subjective and objective （quantity of job offers） job-search performance. The survey data were 530 questionnaires from university students and their classmates/teachers of 12 Chinese universities. Hierarchical aggression analysis （HAR） was done between university student’s employability （Time 1） and objective job-search performance （Time 2： two weeks after the Time 1） and classmate/teacher-rated job-search performance. The results of the second study showed that university student’s employability was significantly and positively correlated with subjective job-research performance, however there was a invert-U relationship between university student’s employability and offers （objective）. And the results also showed that career exploration is moderating the relationship between university student’s employability and offers. This means that the invert-U relationship between employability and offers was significant for high level of career exploration, but not significant for low level of career exploration. But career exploration was not found to moderate the relationship between employability and subjective job-search performance. At last, native place was found to moderate the relationship between employability and subjective job-search performance; that is to say, the relationship between employability and subjective job-search performance was significant for university students from the countryside, but not for the university students from city area. And native place was a moderator in the invert-U relationship between university student’s employability and offers. This means that the invert-U relationship between employability and offers was significant for the city university students, but not for the countryside university students. In the future, the construct model of Chinese university’s employability could be tested in the universities of different style, and by such research methods as a longitudinal research design or case study. And the dynamic relationship model between university student’s employability and employment success could be constructed and tested according to the attribute theory or personal capital theory. And the different moderating and mediating influence mechanisms need to be explored in the relationships between university students’ employability and objective and subjective employment performance according to the career information process theory and resource conservation theory to better cast light on the complex mechanisms of university student’s employability by organizations and labor.