法院如何审查土地开发者负担政策——基于美国法的判例梳理

How to Review Policy Related to Land Explorer Burden by Court: Case Combining Based on American Law

伴随着都市化进程的加速,为了满足日益加重的公共建设任务,美国法中的开发者负担制度,作为将公共建设任务转移至私人开发主体的规制政策模式于20世纪中后期在地方各州层面开始大量出现。各州法院针对开发者负担制度形成了三种不同的形式化审查标准,亦即"合理关系"标准、"特定且唯一原因"标准以及"理性关联"标准,这些司法审查标准之间存在显著差异,形成了司法审查的地方主义特色。联邦最高法院提出的"根本关联"与"大致合比例"的司法审查标准,非但没有就此统一地方层面殊异的审查标准,反而使得开发者负担制度的合法性审查更加复杂化。20世纪90年代各州大规模的影响费立法,吸收了各州法院司法审查的特殊标准,体现了司法过程对规制政策的影响;同时,影响费立法中咨询委员会等程序装置,也鲜明反映了现代规制国家的制度特征。

With the accelerated urbanization process, in order to meet the ever increasing public construction task, as a regulatory policy transferring public infrastructure responsibility to private explorer parties, the land explorer burden policy in the American law became widespread in all local state levels in mid and late 20th century. Among different state courts, there were three formal review standards considering the above policy, i.e. the ＇reasonable relationship＇ standard, the ＇special and unique attribution＇ standard, and the ＇rational nexus＇ standard, which were significantly different with each others, forming the localism features of judicial review. Moreover, the standards of ＇essential nexus＇ and ＇rough proportionality＇ provided by the Federal Supreme Court did not erase the differences among states, but even complicated legality review standards on land explorer burden. The state impact fee legislation in the 90s adopted the above special standards of judicial review by state courts, which illustrated the influence on regulatory policy by judicial process. Besides, systems such as the impact fee advisory committee in related legislation also revealed typical features of modern regulatory state.