污染环境罪的注意义务:结果预见还是结果回避——兼论达标排放致污的刑事责任

Noting Obligations of Environmental Crime:Foreseeable Results or Avoiding Results—Discussing Criminal Liability on Pollution Caused by Discharge of Sewage

达标排放致污是否承担过失犯罪的刑事责任,根据不同的过失理论会得出不同的结论。旧过失论强调结果预见义务,入罪门槛相对较低,达标排放致污可能成立过失犯罪;新过失论突出结果回避义务,入罪门槛相对较高,达标排放致污不成立过失犯罪。新过失论的理论和实践告诉我们,只有利显著大于弊,且不会威胁到众多人的生命,不会造成生态浩劫或社会灾难的现代风险行为,才能适用新过失论。企业的排污行为基本不符合新过失论的适用条件。适用新过失论将会给司法造成困难,从保护生态环境出发,企业的排污行为应适用旧过失论,达标排放致污也可能承担刑事责任。

Whether discharge of sewage conforming to standards should take criminal responsibility depends on the new negligence theory and the old negligence theory. The old negligence theory emphasizes on foreseeable obligation to results and havs relatively low threshold to incrimination. According to this theory, discharge of sewage conforming to standards sewage can constitute a crime.The new negligence theory stresses on the duty of avoiding results and the threshold to incriminate is relatively high. According to this theory, discharge of sewage conforming to standards isn't established as criminal negligence. Discharge of sewage of enterprises doesn't meet the applicable conditions of the new negligence theory and will cause difficulties to justice. Therefore, in discharge of sewage, the old negligence theory should be applied in order to protect the ecological environment.