北京市PM_(2.5)化学组分特征

Chemical characteristics of PM_(2.5) in Beijing

对2012年8月至2013年7月期间北京市定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡4个站点的15种PM_(2.5)化学组分进行分析,探讨各组分的时空分布特征以及有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的污染特征。结果表明,4个站点PM_(2.5)组分中OC、SO_4^(2-)、NO_3^-和NH_4^+的含量较高,年均浓度分别为(22.62±21.86)、(19.39±21.06)、(18.89±19.82)、(13.20±12.80)μg/m3。各组分浓度在时间分布上多为冬季最高,夏季最低;在空间分布上多为南部高,北部低;另外NH+4浓度水平明显高于早年间的监测结果。受燃煤的影响,冬季OC和EC平均浓度分别为夏季浓度的3倍和2.5倍。春、夏、秋、冬季4个站点平均OC/EC比值分别为4.9、7.0、8.1和8.4,表明北京市全年均存在较严重的SOC污染。采用OC/EC比值法估算得出全年定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站二次有机碳(SOC)占OC的比例分别为57.7%、60.0%、45.6%和57.6%。定陵、车公庄、房山和榆垡站年均[NO_3^-]/[SO_4^(2-)]比值分别为1.01、1.25、1.08和1.12,表明目前北京市排放源表现出固定源和移动源并重的特征。

The chemical compositions of samples of particulate matter up to 2.5 μm in size （ PM2.5 ） collected from Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan, and Yufa sites in Beijing, China from August 2012 to July 2013 were analyzed to determine the spatiotemporal characteristics of 15 chemical components, including nitrogen- and sulfur-containing air pollutants and organic carbon （OC） and elemental carbon （EC）. The concentrations of OC, SO4^2-, NO3, and NH4 were the highest among the 15 chemical components analyzed, and the annual mean concentrations were （ 22.62 ±_ 21.86 ） , （ 19.39 ± 21.06 ） , （ 18.89± 19.82）, and （ 13.20± 12.80） μg/m^3, respectively. In general, concentrations of the 15 chemical components were highest in winter and lowest in summer, and concentrations were higher in southern areas and lower in northern areas. Concentrationsof NH4observed in this study were significantly higher than those reported in previous monitoring studies. Concentrations of OC and EC in winter were 3-times and 2.5-times higher, respectively, than the corresponding levels in summer, which was attributed to higher rates of coal consumption in winter. The average ratios of OC/EC in spring, summer, autumn, and winter were 4.9, 7.0, 8.1, and 8.4, respectively, which are indicative of serious pollution levels in Beijing throughout the year. The proportions of secondary organic carbon to OC at the Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan,and Yufa sites were 57.7%, 60.0%, 45.6%, and 57.6%, respectively, which were calculated based on the OC/EC ratio. The annual ratios of [ NO3^- ]/[ SO4^2-] at the Dingling, Chegongzhuang, Fangshan, and Yufa sites were 1.01, 1.25, 1.08, and 1.12, respectively.These data imply that both stationary and mobile sources are important contributors to the poor air quality in Beijing.